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When it is impracticable to obtain permission, use of copyrighted material should be avoided unless the doctrine of fair use would clearly apply to the situation.

ANALYSIS, CRITICISM, AND COMMENTARY OF COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL

the nature of the use, the nature of the work used, the extent of the use, and its economic effect

QUOTING COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL FOR ILLUSTRATION

USING COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL TO STIMULATE RESPONSE, DISCUSSION, AND OTHER REACTIONS DURING RESEARCH

STORING COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL IN COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES

• Arrows – again it’s difficult not to visually follow the direction an arrow points• People/Faces looking in one direction – similar to arrows when we see a person facing or looking in a given direction, we tend to also look to see what they’re looking at.• Perspective – creates strong visual cues to follow. By it’s nature perspective creates a direction that begs to be followed. If all roads lead to Rome, you’re going to end up in Rome at some point

The large black circle in the upper left is the entry point into the painting. It’s the first thing you notice. It’s larger and darker than anything else on the page. It holds more visual weight than any other element in the painting.

Space can imply flow in a variety of ways. The space between elements creates paths of emptiness much like footpaths through a forest of garden. An element with visual weight calls for you to rest your eyes on it. Space gives you room to move around elements.

The function of contrast in defining meaning can be explained by comparing fundamental opposites: dark/light, soft/hard, fast/slow.

every element on the page you’re designing has to be positioned, styled, sized, or otherwise distinguished in accordance with its specific importance and place in the overall communicative objective.

ontrast helps lead the reader’s eye into and through your layout.

Contrast is everywhere and a part of everything we see, do, experience, and understand.

Contrast is just one component of design fundamentals.

Fair use is generally a short excerpt and almost always attributed. (One should not use much more of the work than is needed to make the commentary.

It should not harm the commercial value of the work -- in the sense of people no longer needing to buy it (which is another reason why reproduction of the entire work is a problem.) Famously, copying just 300 words from Gerald Ford's 200,000 word memoir for a magazine article was ruled as not fair use, in spite of it being very newsworthy, because it was the most important 300 words -- why he pardoned Nixon.

The "fair use" concept varies from country to country, and has different names (such as "fair dealing" in Canada) and other limitations outside the USA.

False. U.S. Copyright law is quite explicit that the making of what are called "derivative works" -- works based or derived from another copyrighted work -- is the exclusive province of the owner of the original work. This is true even though the making of these new works is a highly creative process. If you write a story using settings or characters from somebody else's work, you need that author's permission. Yes, that means almost all "fan fiction" is arguably a copyright violation. If you want to publish a story about Jim Kirk and Mr. Spock, you need Paramount's permission, plain and simple. Now, as it turns out, many, but not all holders of popular copyrights turn a blind eye to "fan fiction" or even subtly encourage it because it helps them. Make no mistake, however, that it is entirely up to them whether to do that.

The DMCA also changed the liability outlook for ISPs in major ways, many of them quite troublesome.

n general, respecting the rights of creators to control their creations is a principle many advocate adhering to.

Copyright law was recently amended by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act which changed net copyright in many ways. In particular, it put all sorts of legal strength behind copy-protection systems, making programs illegal and reducing the reality of fair use rights.

Don't rationalize whether it hurts the owner or not, ask them.

False. Whether you charge can affect the damages awarded in court, but that's main difference under the law. It's still a violation if you give it away -- and there can still be serious damages if you hurt the commercial value of the property.

False. Copyright is effectively never lost these days, unless explicitly given away. You also can't "copyright a name" or anything short like that, such as almost all titles. You may be thinking of trade marks, which apply to names, and can be weakened or lost if not defended.

You generally trademark terms by using them to refer to your brand of a generic type of product or service. Like a "Delta" airline. Delta Airlines "owns" that word applied to air travel, even though it is also an ordinary word. Delta Hotels owns it when applied to hotels. (This case is fairly unusual as both are travel companies. Usually the industries are more distinct.) Neither owns the word on its own, only in context, and owning a mark doesn't mean complete control -- see a more detailed treatise on this law for details.

Change the fonts. The font size, font weight, or font family can all provide contrast to your text. Headlines provide a lot of contrast to surrounding text. Links provide great contrast in text. The color change and the addition of an underline work well to contrast from the surrounding text. Use different sized images and elements. If you have a section of text that is the primary focus of a page, you might make it large and all the

Alignment

One of these points of alignment is the corner of the walls

Not enough attention to alignment can make or break the beauty of a website design

Copyright is a form of legal protection given to the authors of books, music, movies, etc. Users of the books may not make copies without permission from the authors except in limited occurrences for school and personal use where there is no profit involved. This limited use is known as Fair Use which we will talk about shortly.

The digital aspect of the web allows for wonderful innovations such as MP3 players but ethical personal use must be employed to avoid legal punishment.

The RIAA, the professional organization which represents the recording companies, (Recording Industry Association of America), has reacted with copyright infringement legal actions against schools and college students. Have you noticed the warnings posted on music CDs or movie DVDs?

Now there are more legal ways for music customers to purchase their music online with services such as iTunes, Rhapsody, amazon.com, etc. There are even some legitimate free music download examples. For example, some unknown bands may provide free previews online. While other more popular bands or singers may post a sample tune for fans to hear for free.