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Aurialie Jublin

Europe Will Defend Its Gig Economy Workers - Bloomberg View - 1 views

www.bloomberg.com/...nds-up-for-gig-economy-workers

europe gig economy sharing economy droit droit travailleurs individu

shared by Aurialie Jublin on 23 Jan 17 - No Cached
  • Aurialie Jublin on 23 Jan 17
     
    "On Thursday, the European Parliament voted overwhelmingly to back a report calling for better worker protections in the on-demand economy, also known as the sharing economy. The resolution isn't binding, but potentially, the issue presents a bigger threat to companies such as Uber than the resistance of their more traditionalist rivals. Europe is not afraid to appear retrograde when it comes to worker benefits, and though that may drag it down economically, it's also what makes it a nice place to live and work."
Aurialie Jublin

Apploitation in a city of instaserfs | Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives - 0 views

www.policyalternatives.ca/...apploitation-city-instaserfs

sharing economy economy économie exploitation individu uber emploi plateforme

shared by Aurialie Jublin on 24 Aug 16 - No Cached
  • I signed up for as many sharing economy jobs as I could, but they’re not really jobs. I was never an employee; I was a “partner,” or a “hero” or even a “ninja” depending on the app. Sharing economy companies are just middlemen, connecting independent contractors to customers. When I signed up to work with (not for) these apps, I was essentially starting my own ride-sharing/courier business.
  • We do still have a boss. It just isn’t a person. It’s an algorithm.
  • The standard ride-sharing or courier app’s business model looks something like this:  When introducing your app into a new city, take heavy losses by over-paying drivers and under-charging customers. Offer drivers cash bonuses to get their friends to sign up. Once you’ve got a steady supply of drivers invested in the app, start lowering their pay. 
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • The idea is to reward loyalty and prevent drivers from having Uber and Lyft open at the same time. The thing is, if you’re working 40 or 50 hours a week with one company, that looks a lot less like a gig and a lot more like full-time employment.
  • In Los Angeles, September 2014, a group of Lyft drivers burned their pink mustaches in protest of the pay cuts. These kinds of actions aren’t very common because most of us don’t know our co-workers and there is no physical location to congregate. Lyft doesn’t allow their drivers at the head office. The main place for “sharing economy” workers to connect is through online forums and Facebook groups
  • Yes, people have been kicked off Postmates for complaining. I’ve talked to them. And yes, the official Postmates courier group on Facebook is censored to erase anything that could be perceived as a complaint. But more importantly it’s clear that Postmates is not preparing its workers for the realities of life as an independent contractor. Many are shocked about how much they have to pay in taxes and how little they’re making doing the work. There are plenty of screenshots showing that some are making less than minimum wage.
  • I ended up having to take on all kinds of little expenses like these. It’s part of the risk of starting your own business. That time, I just had to buy a $3 froyo but it can be a lot worse (parking tickets in San Francisco can be over $80). Oftentimes you have to choose between parking illegally or being late with an order.
  • All the risk falls onto the worker and the company is free of liability—despite the placard being an explicit suggestion that it’s okay to break the law if that’s what you’ve got to do to get the order done on time. 
  • Postmates responded by “updating” the app to a “blind system” in which we could still accept or reject jobs, but without enough information to determine whether it would be worth our time or not (e.g., a huge grocery store order). To make sure we accept jobs quickly without analyzing them, the app plays an extremely loud and annoying beeping noise designed specifically to harass couriers into submitting to the algorithm.
  • One of the best companies I worked for is called Washio. I picked up dirty laundry and delivered clean laundry. It was the best paying and least stressful of all the apps I worked with that month because there was no illusion of choice. Washio tells you exactly what to do and you do it. It is simple and honest. But it also betrays the spirit of the independent contractor, and that’s important for a number of reasons.
  • Plenty of people requested that I drop off their food at the door. Customers grow to love apps that make the worker anonymous. That way, you don’t have to feel guilty about having servants.
  • Aurialie Jublin on 24 Aug 16
     
    L'auteur de l'article parle de son expérience du "travail" via l'économie des plateforme.
Aurialie Jublin

The case of sharing economy - 0 views

platformed.info/sharing-economy-future-of-work

économie collaborative travail digital labor

shared by Aurialie Jublin on 03 Feb 15 - No Cached
  • Aurialie Jublin on 03 Feb 15
     
    A whole slew of labor platforms have come up over the last couple of years, powering what is widely referred to as the Gig Economy or (rather inappropriately) the Sharing Economy. Remote freelancing (Freelancer, Elance-Odesk) and micro-tasking (Amazon Mechanical Turk) platforms have been around for quite some time, as have classifieds (e.g. Craigslist), all of which enable service providers to find new gigs. But a whole new range of vertical-specific platforms have come up in recent times creating two broad classes of new opportunities: - Higher end gigs: Consulting platforms like Clarity and Experfy now enable highly skilled individuals to find gigs on platforms. - Real world gig coordination: Platforms like Homejoy and Postmates allow people with spare time to find a new source of income in the 'real' world.
Aurialie Jublin

In the Sharing Economy, Workers Find Both Freedom and Uncertainty - NYTimes.com - 0 views

mobile.nytimes.com/...h-freedom-and-uncertainty.html

travail tictravail précarité économie collaborative liberté

shared by Aurialie Jublin on 18 Aug 14 - No Cached
  • In a climate of continuing high unemployment, however, people like Ms. Guidry are less microentrepreneurs than microearners. They often work seven-day weeks, trying to assemble a living wage from a series of one-off gigs. They have little recourse when the services for which they are on call change their business models or pay rates. To reduce the risks, many workers toggle among multiple services.
  • Certainly, it’s a good deal for consumers. Peer marketplaces democratize luxury services by making amateur chauffeurs, chefs and personal assistants available to perform occasional work once largely dominated by full-time professionals. Venture capital firms seem convinced.
  • In July, 9.7 million Americans were unemployed, and an additional 7.5 million were working part-time jobs because they could not find full-time work, according to estimates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.There are no definitive statistics on how many people work in the gig economy. But according to a report from MBO Partners, a company that provides consulting services to independent contractors, about 17.7 million Americans last year worked more than half time as independent contributors, among them project workers.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Jamie Viggiano, senior director of marketing at TaskRabbit, says the company is trying to improve the situation for its 30,000 contractors in 19 cities in the United States. It recently instituted a sitewide minimum wage of $15 an hour. It also adopted a $1 million insurance policy, covering both clients and contractors, for any property damage or bodily harm that occurs while performing a job. Still, Ms. Viggiano says that “across the industry, we have only scratched the surface of helping freelancers work in the gig economy.”
  • Technology has made online marketplaces possible, creating new opportunities to monetize labor and goods. But some economists say the short-term gig services may erode work compensation in the long term. Mr. Baker, of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, argues that online labor marketplaces are able to drive down costs for consumers by having it both ways: behaving as de facto employers without shouldering the actual cost burdens or liabilities of employing workers.
  • Labor activists say gig enterprises may also end up disempowering workers, degrading their access to fair employment conditions.“These are not jobs, jobs that have any future, jobs that have the possibility of upgrading; this is contingent, arbitrary work,” says Stanley Aronowitz, director of the Center for the Study of Culture, Technology and Work at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. “It might as well be called wage slavery in which all the cards are held, mediated by technology, by the employer, whether it is the intermediary company or the customer.”
  • TaskRabbit has started offering its contractors access to discounted health insurance and accounting services. Lyft has formed a partnership with Freelancers Union, making its drivers eligible for the advocacy group’s health plan and other benefit programs.That may not be enough. Dr. Standing, the labor economist, says workers need formal protections to address the power asymmetries inherent in contingent work. International rules, he says, could endow gig workers with basic entitlements — like the right to organize and the right to due process should companies seek to remove them from their platforms.
  • Aurialie Jublin on 18 Aug 14
     
    Le business de la "sharing economy", c'est encore beaucoup la précarité des "employés".
Aurialie Jublin

'My father had one job in his life, I've had six in mine, my kids will have six at the ... - 1 views

www.theguardian.com/...-sharing-economy-juggling-jobs

travail

shared by Aurialie Jublin on 03 Dec 15 - No Cached
  • “My reading of the evidence so far,” he says, “is that there will be less job creating and ever-greater labour saving. If we look at the creation of new occupations by decade, they accounted for 8.2% of new jobs in the 1980s, 4.4% in the 1990s, and 0.5% in 2000s. It is not necessarily true that we will have a jobless future. But I struggle to use my imagination to see which industries will emerge to balance the loss of jobs.”
  • A lot of the change, he suggests, has to do with a transformed idea of freedom. When the older generation thinks of freedom it imagines it as autonomy, self-sufficiency, personal choice. “Freedom is exclusivity.” When the younger generation thinks of freedom, he suggests, it is no longer about exclusivity, it is about inclusivity. “For them the more networks they are in, the more social capital they establish, the more free they feel,” he says. “It is about expanding the network. This is the sharing economy.”
  • Aurialie Jublin on 03 Dec 15
     
    "In the 'gig' or 'sharing' economy, say the experts, we will do lots of different jobs as technology releases us from the nine to five. But it may also bring anxiety, insecurity and low wages "
Aurialie Jublin

Are There Good Jobs in the Gig Economy? - 0 views

hbr.org/...e-good-jobs-in-the-gig-economy

gig economy

shared by Aurialie Jublin on 29 Jun 18 - No Cached
  • Author Louis Hyman, a Cornell professor and economic historian, notes that in America traditional organizations began moving away from offers of full-time employment and toward more-flexible short-term staffing jobs as a result of both new management ideas (such as the Lean Revolution) and changing values (such as prioritizing short-term profits). This restructuring of the workforce was facilitated, he emphasizes, by management consultants, who believed that “the long hours, the tensions, the uncertainty were all a perfectly reasonable way to work,” and by temp agencies, which created pools of standby, on-demand labor. By the 1980s temps were providing not emergency help but cyclical replacement.
  • Hyman’s stats are striking: By 1988 about nine-tenths of businesses were using temp labor; since 1991 every economic downturn has meant a permanent loss of jobs; by 1995, 85% of companies were “outsourcing all or part of at least one business function
  • Aurialie Jublin on 29 Jun 18
     
    "Advocates of these "alternative work arrangements"-many of which are enabled by sharing or on-demand apps such as Uber and TaskRabbit-bill them as a way to trade unemployment, burnout, or hating one's job for freedom, flexibility, and financial gains. Skeptics, meanwhile, point to the costly trade-offs: unstable earnings, few or no benefits, reduced job security, and stalled career advancement. But what do the gig workers themselves say? Gigged, a new book by Sarah Kessler, an editor at Quartz, focuses on their perspective. In profiling a variety of people in contingent jobs-from a 28-year-old waiter and Uber driver in Kansas City, to a 24-year-old programmer who quit his New York office job to join Gigster, to a 30-something mother in Canada who is earning money through Mechanical Turk-Kessler illuminates a great divide: For people with desirable skills, the gig economy often permits a more engaging, entrepreneurial lifestyle; but for the unskilled who turn to such work out of necessity, it's merely "the best of bad options.""
Aurialie Jublin

Understanding Fair Labor Practices in a Networked Age - 0 views

www.datasociety.net/...FairLabor.pdf

pdf digital labor

shared by Aurialie Jublin on 13 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • Aurialie Jublin on 13 Oct 14
     
    Internet-enabled technologies allow people to connect in unprecedented ways. Although everyday social practices are widespread and well known, these same tools are reconfiguring key aspects of work. Crowdsourcing and distributed labor technologies increasingly allow companies to outsource everything from mundane tasks (e.g., Amazon Mechanical Turk) to professional services (e.g., oDesk). Sharing economy - or peer economy - tools (e.g., Airbnb) allow people to barter goods or services or get paid for these exchanges outside of the dominant business framework. These services have enabled new forms of contract or freelance labor and reduced risk for companies; however, there is often an increase in risk for the associated laborers. At the same time, divisions between what constitutes work, hobby, and volunteerism get blurred, especially as many organizations rely on volunteer labor under the assumption that it's mutually beneficial (e.g., blogs and journalistic enterprises that republish work or see the offer of a platform as valuable in and of itself). While all of these labor issues have unmediated precedents (e.g., free internships), technology magnifies the scale of these practices, minimizes the transactional friction, and increases the visibility of unpaid and freelance work. Collectively, this raises critical questions about what fair labor looks like in a networked world, where boundaries dissolve and existing mechanisms of labor protection do not address the varied work scenarios now available.
Aurialie Jublin

Uber's Augmented Workers - Uber Screeds - Medium - 0 views

medium.com/...r-s-fightin-words-d757bcb6362c

uber indépendant

shared by Aurialie Jublin on 01 Mar 16 - No Cached
  • Uber has long claimed it’s a technology company, not a transportation company. Uber’s drivers are promoted as entrepreneurs and classified as independent contractors. The company claims to provide only a platform/app that enables drivers to be connected with passengers; as an intermediary, the company relies on the politics of platforms to elude responsibility as a traditional employer, as well as regulatory regimes designed to govern traditional taxi businesses.
  • Drivers must submit to a system that molds their interactions, controls their behavior, sets and changes rates unilaterally, and is generally structured to minimize the power of driver (“partner”) voices. Drivers make inquiries to outsourced community support representatives that work on Uber’s behalf, but their responses are based on templates or FAQs.
  • Uber uses surge pricing to lure drivers to work at a particular place at a particular time, without guaranteeing the validity of the surge incentive if they do follow it. Surge is produced through an algorithmic assessment of supply and demand and is subject to constant dynamism. The rate that drivers are paid is based on the passenger’s location, not their own. Even when they travel to an active surge zone, they risk receiving passengers at lower or higher surge than is initially advertised, or getting fares from outside the surge zone. Drivers will be locked out of the system for varying periods of time, like 10 minutes, 30 minutes, etc. for declining too many rides. They also get warnings for “manipulating” surge.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Uber drivers are “free” to login or log-out to work at will, but their ability to make choices that benefit their own interests, such as accepting higher-fare passengers, is severely limited.
  • To a significant degree, Uber has successfully automated many of the processes involved in managing a large workforce, comprised of at at least 400 000 active drivers in the U.S. alone, according to Uber’s last public estimate. However, automation is not to be confused with independence. Uber has built a system that leverages significant control over how workers do their jobs, even as that control is structured to be indirect and semi-automated, such as through nudges, algorithmic labor logistics, the rating system, etc.
  • Aurialie Jublin on 01 Mar 16
     
    "Summary Uber has done a lot of things to language to communicate a strong message of distance between itself and its relationship to Uber drivers. Uber insists drivers should be classified as independent contractors, labelled driver-partners, and promoted as entrepreneurs, although the company faces legal challenges over issues of worker misclassification. Beyond its attempts to label work as a type of "sharing" in the so-called "sharing economy," Uber's protracted efforts to celebrate the independence and freedom of drivers have evolved into a sophisticated policy push to design a new classification of worker that would accommodate Uber's business model. The emergent classification, "independent worker," does not acknowledge the significant control Uber leverages over how drivers do their job."
Aurialie Jublin

The Day I Drove for Amazon Flex - The Atlantic - 0 views

www.theatlantic.com/...563444

amazon condition de travail qvt

shared by Aurialie Jublin on 29 Jun 18 - No Cached
  • But Flex operates year-round, not just during the holiday season, which suggests there’s another reason for it: It’s cheap. As the larger trucking industry has discovered over the past decade, using independent contractors rather than unionized drivers saves money, because so many expenses are borne by the drivers, rather than the company.
  • The company doesn’t share information about how many drivers it has, but one Seattle economist calculated that 11,262 individuals drove for Flex in California between October 2016 and March 2017, based on information Amazon shared with him to help the company defend a lawsuit about Flex drivers.
  • “A lot of these gig-type services essentially rely on people not doing the math on what it actually costs you,”
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • One Amazon Flex driver in Cleveland, Chris Miller, 63, told me that though he makes $18 an hour, he spends about 40 cents per mile he drives on expenses like gas and car repairs. He bought his car, used, with 40,000 miles on it. It now has 140,000, after driving for Flex for seven months, and Uber and Lyft before that. That means he’s incurred about $40,000 in expenses—things he didn’t think about initially, like changing the oil more frequently and replacing headlights and taillights. He made slightly less than $10 an hour driving for Uber, he told me, once he factored in these expenses; Flex pays a bit better.
  • If the driver gets into a car accident, the driver, not Amazon, is responsible for medical and insurance costs. If a driver gets a speeding ticket, the driver pays. (UPS and FedEx usually pay their trucks’ tickets, but Amazon explicitly says in the contract Flex drivers sign that drivers are responsible for fees and fines­.)
  • Brown likes to work two shifts delivering groceries for Amazon, from 4:30 to 6:30 a.m. and 6:30 to 8:30 a.m., but the morning we talked, no 4:30 shifts were available. He sometimes wakes up at 3 a.m. and does what Flex workers call the “sip and tap,” sitting at home and drinking coffee while refreshing the app, hoping new blocks come up. He does not get paid for the hour he spends tapping. Twice in the last year, he’s been barred from seeing new blocks for seven days because Amazon accused him of using a bot to grab blocks—he says he just taps the app so frequently Amazon assumes he’s cheating.
  • Akunts said that people often get “deactivated,” which means they receive a message telling them they can no longer drive for Flex. Sometimes, the workers don’t know why they’ve been terminated and their contract annulled, he told me. It can take as long as a month to get reinstated.
  • But lots of people risk it and park illegally in meters, he told me—the number of parking citations issued in the first three months of the year for people parking illegally at red and yellow meters grew 29 percent from 2016, according to data provided to me by the city.
  • And then there was the fact that the Flex technology itself was difficult to use. Flex workers are supposed to scan each package before they deliver it, but the app wouldn’t accept my scans. When I called support, unsure of what to do, I received a recorded messaging saying support was experiencing technical difficulties, but would be up again soon. Then I got a message on my phone telling me the current average wait time for support was “less than 114,767 minutes.” I ended up just handing the packages to people in the offices without scanning them, hoping that someone, somewhere, was tracking where they went.
  • Technology was making their jobs better—they worked in offices that provided free food and drinks, and they received good salaries, benefits, and stock options. They could click a button and use Amazon to get whatever they wanted delivered to their offices—I brought 16 packages for 13 people to one office; one was so light I was sure it was a pack of gum, another felt like a bug-spray container.
  • But now, technology was enabling Amazon to hire me to deliver these packages with no benefits or perks. If one of these workers put the wrong address on the package, they would get a refund, while I was scurrying around trying to figure out what they meant when they listed their address as “fifth floor” and there was no fifth floor. How could these two different types of jobs exist in the same economy?
  • Gig-economy jobs like this one are becoming more and more common. The number of “non-employer firms” in the ground-transportation sector—essentially freelancers providing rides through various platforms—grew 69 percent from 2010 to 2014, the most recent year for which there is data available, according to a Brookings analysis of Census Bureau and Moody’s data.
  • “We’re going to take the billion hours Americans spend driving to stores and taking things off shelves, and we’re going to turn it into jobs,” Viscelli said. “The fundamental question is really what the quality of these jobs is going to be.”
  • Liss-Riordan says one of the biggest obstacles in getting workers to take legal action over their classification is that many Flex workers agree, upon signing up to deliver packages, to resolve disputes with Amazon through arbitration. Companies can now use arbitration clauses to prevent workers from joining together to file class-action lawsuits, because of a May Supreme Court ruling.
  • Even weeks after I’d stopped driving for Flex, I kept getting new notifications from Amazon, telling me that increased rates were available, tempting me to log back in and make a few extra bucks, making me feel guilty for not opening the app, even though I have another job.
  • My tech-economy experience was far less lucrative. In total, I drove about 40 miles (not counting the 26 miles I had to drive between the warehouse and my apartment). I was paid $70, but had $20 in expenses, based on the IRS mileage standards. I had narrowly avoided a $110 parking ticket, which felt like a win, but my earnings, added up, were $13.33 an hour. That’s less than San Francisco’s $14 minimum wage.
  • Aurialie Jublin on 29 Jun 18
     
    "Amazon Flex allows drivers to get paid to deliver packages from their own vehicles. But is it a good deal for workers?"
Aurialie Jublin

Exploring portable ratings for gig workers - Doteveryone - Medium - 0 views

medium.com/...s-for-gig-workers-5632fd9b262e

gig economy notation notoriété individu indépendant

shared by Aurialie Jublin on 12 Feb 18 - No Cached
  • Unlike the traditional economy, the gig economy doesn’t rely on CVs or letters of recommendation. You build your reputation on one platform at a time — and your reputation is often the route to higher earnings (A service user is more likely to choose someone with 100 five-star ratings than just one or two). Platforms don’t want people to leave, so they don’t let workers have ownership over their own ratings. Leaving a service means starting over.
  • More recently, we’ve been exploring the “how” of ratings portability: what technology, data, user experience and investment might be needed to make this real.Our design team, along with our policy intern and developer James Darling, have been conducting user research and prototyping possible technical solutions for ratings portability. Here’s where we’ve got to so far.
  • “Cab” drivers didn’t have visible habits around their ratings, weren’t checking them frequently and when we spoke about them, they told us that this wasn’t something they’d considered before or something they were particularly concerned about. They were confident in their skills and ability to find work outside of their platforms, and viewed ratings more as performance indicators for their platform owners — the main fear being a drop below 3.5 stars, where they might be dropped from the platform completely.
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • This “performance indicator over ratings” feeling was even stronger with food delivery workers. They expressed even less concern about the issue, focussing more on their delivery metrics such as attendance and cancellations. The rider app screens we were shown support this.
  • This makes sense for both food delivery and transit: the customer has little to no ability to use workers’ reputation data to inform their purchase decision. (When we press a button to order a cab or for food to be delivered, speed is the primary factor and platforms emphasise that in their design.)
  • It was a radically different story for tradespeople. Their reputation data feels important to them, and they prefer to keep control over it. They preferred word of mouth reputation and recommendations, as there was no middleman who could take that away from them. Online platforms were seen as something to graduate away from once you had a sufficient “real world” presence.
  • Alongside our user research, James Darling looked at the technical possibilities, drawing on the Resolution Trust’s initial work and the research that our policy intern did. They came up with five possible solutions and gave them names and some logos. They are in increasing order of complexity.
  • Personal referenceThis is the status quo: when approaching a new employer, workers create their own CVs, loosely standardised by convention.
  • Publicly hosted reputationsWhat feels like a technical quick win is to ensure that a platform hosts a publicly accessible web archive of all worker reputation data, including for profiles which have been disabled. This would allow workers to provide a URL to anyone they wish to provide their reputation data. How would this be encouraged/enforced?
  • Profile verificationHow does a worker prove that they are the owner of a publicly hosted reputation profile? There are a few technical solutions that could be explored here, like a public/private key verification or explorations around OAuth. Is it possible to create something that is secure, but also usable?
  • Decentralised open data standardA data standard for reputation data could be created, allowing automated transfer and use of reputation data by competing platforms or external services. Creating the standard would be the trickiest part here: is it possible to translate between both technical differences of different platforms (eg 5 stars versus 80%), but also the values inherent in them.
  • Centralised data holderPerhaps one way to help standardise and enforce this easy transfer of reputation data is to create some sort of legal entity responsible for holding and transferring this reputation data. A lot of discussion would have to be had about the legal framework for this: is it a government department, a charity, a de facto monopoly?
  • We also thought about ways to verify identity (by including an RSA public key), what a best practice data standard might look like (here’s an example in JSON), and what the import process might look like (via a mock competitor site). The code for all this is on Github, and everything above is available in a slide deck here.
  • I worry that the concept of “owning” people’s ratings reflects some deeper, more systemic issues around who “owns” things more generally in society. In the coming months, we’d like to keep working with like minded organisations to explore that idea more, as well as how the cumulative effects of those systems affect us all.
Thierry Nabeth

Non-Technologists Agree: It's the Technology - 0 views

andrewmcafee.org/...-nieman-karabarbounis-research

travail economie technologie

shared by Thierry Nabeth on 19 Oct 15 - No Cached
  • Thierry Nabeth on 19 Oct 15
     
    Two papers came out last year that examined important issues around jobs and wages. Both are in top journals. Both were written by first-rate researchers, none of whom specialize in studying the impact of technology. And both came to the same conclusion: that digital technologies were largely responsible for the phenomena they examined. Paper 1 Equally admirable are the graphs the authors draw to illustrate their main findings. Here's the one for jobs (the one for wages has a pretty similar shape). It gives the changes in employment share - which you can think of as changes in the the 'market share' of jobs - between 1980 and 2005. And it shows vividly that low-skill and high-skill jobs gained market share over that period, which those in the middle of the skill range lost. Paper 2 We document, however, that the global labor share has significantly declined since the early 1980s, with the decline occurring within the large majority of countries and industries. We show that the decrease in the relative price of investment goods, often attributed to advances in information technology and the computer age, induced firms to shift away from labor and toward capital.
Aurialie Jublin

Case Study: Fairmondo - Commons Transition Primer - 0 views

primer.commonstransition.org/...case-study-fairmondo

plateforme coopérativisme de plateforme coopérative commerce équitable commun

shared by Aurialie Jublin on 26 Feb 18 - No Cached
  • Originally founded in Germany in 2012, Fairmondo aims to federate and expand to create a global online marketplace, but with ownership firmly in hands of their local users. The German coop currently gathers over 2000 members who have invested over 600,000 euros in shares. It is open both to professional and private sellers and the products on offer have no general restrictions unless they are illegal or run counter to Farmondo’s values. The core values are fairness and the promotion of responsible consumption. Rather than having to find fairly sourced products from a variety of places, Fairmondo practically gathers them in federated, democratic platforms. The fairness of the products in question is assessed by a shared criteria which remains open to discussion and improvement by the members and the Fairmondo user base. The platform also includes certain products which are not necessarily fair trade, for example books, with more than two million on offer.
  • The economic democracy ethos surrounding ownership and control of the platform goes beyond the practices of most cooperatives. Fairmondo calls this “Cooperativism 2.0” and asks all new Fairmondo chapters to adapt the following seven Core Principles:
  • Consent and majority consensus:  90% of Fairmondo constituents must agree prior any modification to the general principles.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Democratic ownership and accountability to all stakeholders
  • Independence of individual vested interests: Disproportionate financial investments or investments by non-cooperative associations is prohibited.
  • Uncompromising transparency: Fairmondo’s commitment to full transparency may only be limited by jurisdiction-specific legal requirements of wherever the chapter is located.
  • nvolving the crowd: A Cooperative 2.0 structure promotes authentic crowd involvement while fostering confidence. Fairmondo has successfully used crowdfunding and crowdsourcing to strengthen the platform.
  • Open source: Fairmondo coops are committed to open source and innovation.
  • Fair, multi-constituent distribution of profit and wages: Dividends are distributed as broadly as possible, preventing individuals from accumulating more than their fair share. 25% is distributed to coop members through shares. 25% is distributed through “Fair Funding Points” (voluntary work is rewarded by points which legally stake a claim on future surpluses). 25% is donated to a number of non-profits chosen by Fairmondo members. The last 25% is pooled into a common fund used for the development of the wider Fairmondo project. Internal stakeholders (partners, staff, etc.) operate under a defined salary range ration of 1 to 7 from lowest to highest paid.
  • Since the creation of the German marketplace, Fairmondo has also federated to the UK. The objective of its internationalization process is that, once there are five Fairmondo nodes, these will be supported by a global framework organization which will be sustainably controlled and co-owned by the local cooperatives.
  • Fairmondo is an excellent example of an Open Cooperative, as it meets the four criteria: oriented towards the common good; multi constituent in nature; actively creates Commons; transnationally oriented. The  global organization’s vision is analogous to the role of the non-profit foundations outlined in the ecosystem of commons-based peer production.
  • Aurialie Jublin on 26 Feb 18
     
    "Fairmondo is a digital online marketplace managed by a multi-constituent cooperative focusing on fair commerce."
Aurialie Jublin

Tous pirates - error 404 - 0 views

blog.marklor.org/...Tous-pirates

tictravail travail revenu collaboratif

shared by Aurialie Jublin on 24 Jun 13 - No Cached
  • Concernant mon précédent billet, et parce que la share economy recouvre une très forte variété de domaines, je n'ai pas fait la distinction entre la production et la consommation. J'y reviens ici sur des points de débats que j'ai eus. Enfin, les deux types de cette nouvelle économie mettent en exergue deux points essentiels de notre société : la raréfaction du travail, et la déconnexion patente de l'investissement (partant, la finance) envers l'économie réelle. Plus d'investissement productif, et une numérisation qui crée de la valeur sans créer de l'emploi; il y a donc un nouveau contrat social à définir.
  • Depuis la faillite du socialisme (politique), un subtil équilibre se joue entre le public et le privé. L'Etat crée par l'éducation une richesse - le travailleur - qui sera exploitée par l'entreprise. En échange, l'entreprise contribue par l'impôt et les taxes à l'organisation de l'Etat. Le code libre, c'est une richesse commune, exploitée par tous, mais dans une asymétrie d'échanges. S'il fait le bonheur de communautés (celles d'Ostrom), il fait aussi le bonheur de la sphère privée. Ainsi, les flux économiques apparaissent comme une captation de valeur sur des territoires et des individus hors marchés (de l'Europe vers les US, du libriste vers Microsoft) à coût nul, pour être ensuite revendus aux producteurs initiaux. Le libre, c'est un peu l'Afrique qui importe son chocolat après avoir vendu à prix dérisoire ses fèves de cacao.
  • Que se passe-t-il ? Il faut en fait considérer qu'il n'existe pas un marché du travail, mais deux marchés : un marché de l'emploi, et un marché du revenu, lesquels ne sont pas corrélés. Les rentiers, investisseurs en capital, dealers de drogue, proxénètes, n'existent pas sur le marché du travail mais le sont bien sur celui du revenu. Idem pour les travailleurs pauvres, stagiaires, qui n'existent - quasiment - pas sur le marché du revenu, mais bien sur celui du travail.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • Le droit de la concurrence implique des entreprises, non des individus. Or, Internet permet de mettre en concurrence n'importe quel cerveau humain avec un autre. Même dans un territoire soumis au droit national. On a beaucoup glosé sur les emplois à 1€ du système allemand, pour des emplois peu gratifiants, d'une économie de cols roses. Le stagiaire français, lui, arrive sur un marché de cols blancs à 3€ de l'heure (436,5€ pour une semaine de 35h).
  • De même, le crowdfunding - qui apparaît comme une solution au problème du financement de l'entrepreneuriat - n'est que le symptôme d'une maladie beaucoup plus grave : la rupture consommée entre travail et capital, qui était déjà initiée bien avant la crise des subprimes
  • Quant au web, c'est la force du factor system, amplifiée par l'électricité. Ce pourrait être Pinterest, Tumblr, Github, Facebook, Amazon qui mettent en place une plateforme de travail - ludique, altruiste, sociale - à destination des populations du monde. Et dont la création de richesse ne bénéficie ni à la collectivité (via les procédés d'optimisation fiscale), ni à "l'ouvrier" de la connaissance, puisqu'il n'y a plus de pièce, seulement des flux d'information dont on ne mesure pas la valeur, avec un capital qui reste aux mains de la plateforme. Et dont les bénéficiaires sont quelques passagers clandestins d'une étrange économie.
  • Puisqu'il y a rupture de l'équilibre ténu entre public et privé, on voit apparaître une nouvelle structure : la communauté. Communauté d'intérêts, elle se structure autour de ses propres besoins, en dehors (ou à coté) des deux sphères connues. Pour certains share economy, nouvelles monnaies, troc, AMAP. Un système adaptatif qui n'a rien de nouveau.
  • Ce qui est appelé improprement économie collaborative, c'est finalement la société humaine. Parce que l'Etat n'opère plus son rôle de balancier face au privé, ne restent que deux sociétés qui se développent en parallèle, l'économie de marché et les communautés. Et l'une devient petit à petit le parasite de l'autre. Passager clandestin d'une économie dite collaborative, tirant des bénéfices sans les contraintes de la structure, les "pirates" ne sont pas ceux qui téléchargent le dernier Beyoncé, mais des multinationales qui exploitent un travail gratuit, repackagent des biens du domaine public, ou libérés (voir les méfaits du copyfraud que dénonce inlassablement Calimaq). Ou réorganisent des flux de travail ou de capital à leur avantage, sur le dos des communautés.
  • Pirate vient du grec : peirao, qui signifie tester, mettre à l'épreuve. Hacker a la même signification. Organisations comme individus testent en permanence la solidité des modèles en cours; ils s'introduisent dans les failles du sytème (la PI, l'optimisation fiscale, la territorialisation du droit); ils inventent un monde à part, intangible, non juridiquement encadré, mais qui se développe sur l'écosystème en place (les dérivés financiers, le trading haute fréquence).
  • Aurialie Jublin on 24 Jun 13
     
    Pour @marklor le marché de l'emploi n'est plus celui des revenus et l'économie collaborative en est le symptôme
Aurialie Jublin

This "Airbnb For Skills" Will Liberate You From Your 9 To 5 | Co.Exist - 1 views

www.fastcoexist.com/...-liberate-you-from-your-9-to-5

travail tictravail compétence site partage

shared by Aurialie Jublin on 16 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Ultimately, he sees freelancing as the future. “We’re coming towards an automation kind of economy; most of Amazon will probably be automated within 10 years. As technology is liberating us, we’re becoming less necessary for routine jobs. Like Arthur C. Clarke and Buckminster Fuller said in the 1960s, 90% of people should just stay at home and play in the parks and have fun. If you build automation for the society, then the society can be free--and that’s starting to happen.”
  • The new site may help make that transition a little easier. “Airbnb has liberated apartments, and we can liberate people from their 9 to 5,” Hooks says. “We believe that most of us can freelance, most of us can Airbnb our place, most of us can take a day off to hang out with friends. That kind of shared economy is a visionary idea that is happening now.”
  • Aurialie Jublin on 16 Apr 14
     
    "More people are freelancing than ever before--by some estimates, around 42 million Americans. But entrepreneur Ryan Hooks thinks that eventually almost everyone will be able to leave their office jobs, and he's built a new website called Avbl to help. "Essentially it's kind of like the Airbnb model for skillsearch," Hooks explains. "Whatever city you're in, wherever you are in the world, you can search for a skill--like editor, designer, illustrator, or seamstress--and the results come up based on proximity and date." If someone needs a video editor today, or a web designer next month, they can search and book the right person."
Aurialie Jublin

Et si l'économie du partage annonçait la fin du salariat ? - 0 views

www.latribune.fr/...la-fin-du-salariat-481676.html

économie de partage emploi salariat

shared by Aurialie Jublin on 16 Jun 15 - No Cached
  • Bref, la société salariale serait dépassée. « N'oublions pas d'ailleurs que, jusqu'en 1930, en France mais également dans nombre de pays développés, la forme d'emploi dominante était le travail indépendant », souligne Denis Pennel. Un mode d'organisation compatible avec une grande diversité d'emplois : « Dès le XIXe siècle, il existait un grand nombre de catégories de travailleurs, mais les différences s'organisaient plus autour de métiers exercés qu'autour des statuts d'emplois.» Voilà donc le modèle défendu implicitement par les tenants de la «share eco-nomy» : une économie où chacun est son propre patron, une économie d'avant le salariat, ce mode d'organisation sociale qui semble soudain démodé.
  • Comme le relevait le sociologue Robert Castel dans son livre phare «Les métamorphoses de la question sociale, chronique du salariat», ce statut a longtemps été, jusqu'au début du XXe siècle, l'apanage d'une minorité. Et pas de la plus chanceuse : être salarié, au milieu du XIXe siècle, c'était faire partie de la lie de la société. On peine à imaginer aujourd'hui, dans notre société dominée par ce mode d'organisation sociale, tout ce que le statut de salarié pouvait avoir de dégradant, dans une France encore largement agricole, où les agriculteurs plus ou moins riches mais pour la plupart d'entre eux propriétaires, ou espérant le devenir, étaient les plus nombreux, aux côtés des artisans et bourgeois. Le salarié, c'était celui qui n'avait rien. Aucun patrimoine. Rien que ses bras. C'était donc, initialement, le prolétaire. Un prolétaire souvent en marge de la société, effrayant le bourgeois, relevant des classes dites alors «dangereuses».
  • Ce combat social-démocrate est passé surtout par la création progressive, durant la première moitié du XXe siècle, de ce que Robert Castel a appelé, après certains penseurs de la fin du XIXe siècle, la «propriété sociale». Quésaco ? Le fait d'accorder aux «travailleurs» à la situation toujours incertaine, faute de patrimoine, un certain nombre de garanties, sous forme d'assurances collectives, touchant les accidents du travail, la maladie et la vieillesse. Ces garanties constituent comme des droits de propriété acquis progressivement sur la société - on pense aux retraites, bien sûr.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Comme le souligne Robert Castel, avec l'avènement de la propriété sociale, progressivement accordée aux salariés au début du XXe siècle, on assiste alors à la constitution d'un nouveau rapport salarial. Le salaire ne représentait jusqu'alors que la rétribution ponctuelle d'une tâche : la plupart des salariés étaient, en effet, payés à la tâche. La montée en puissance de la propriété sociale change cette situation. Le salaire, désormais, «assure des droits, donne accès à des prestations hors travail (maladies, accident, retraite) et permet une participation élargie à la vie sociale». En minant le salariat, devenu la caractéristique d'une économie industrielle qui serait dépassée, l'économie du partage sape les fondations de cet édifice patiemment bâti qu'est la propriété sociale.
  • en évitant toute contribution au système social, ou alors en y contribuant très faiblement, un adepte de l'économie du partage concourt à la dégradation de la situation financière des régimes sociaux. Lesquels, à force de mal se porter, finiront par être remis en cause, au détriment des salariés. La boucle sera alors bouclée.
  • Aurialie Jublin on 16 Jun 15
     
    "La logique de l'économie du partage, c'est celle de la fin du salariat, admettent même ses plus ardents défenseurs. Avec, pour conséquence, une impossibilité croissante de financer la protection sociale, et donc le risque de faire disparaître le modèle français de sécu"
Stanislas Jourdan

Counter-commodification: The Economy of Contribution in the Digital Commons - 0 views

www.academia.edu/...ibution_in_the_Digital_Commons

digiwork exploitation

shared by Stanislas Jourdan on 27 Dec 13 - No Cached
  • Stanislas Jourdan on 27 Dec 13
     
    "As digital production is at the very heart of cognitive capitalism, the digital commons is not just any other disruption of the process of commodification. This is the field of a fierce struggle over the future of the Internet and the future of capitalism itself. It is potentially the moment which moves back the frontiers of measurement, value and quantification towards qualities, values and an expansion of the gift economy. For this potential to unfold, it is vital that those who are giving, sharing, and contributing for the benefit of humanity are supported by global policies that enable them to do so. They have to be supported because their gifts are not based on reciprocity and the obligation to return the gift. This is an argument about the future of digital labour. The article concludes that this could be achieved through a global basic income scheme."
Thierry Nabeth

Why America's middle class is lost -- The Washington Post - 0 views

www.washingtonpost.com/...-americas-middle-class-is-lost

shared by Thierry Nabeth on 03 Feb 15 - No Cached
  • Thierry Nabeth on 03 Feb 15
     
    In this new reality, a smaller share of Americans enjoy the fruits of an expanding economy. This isn't a fluke of the past few years - it's woven into the very structure of the economy. And even though Republicans and Democrats keep promising to help the middle class reclaim the prosperity it grew accustomed to after World War II, their prescriptions aren't working.
hubert guillaud

Tout partager : pourquoi la façon dont nous consommons à changer pour toujour... - 0 views

www.theatlanticcities.com/...4815

internetactu internetactu2net fing ville2.0 citelabo villelegere consommationcollaborative

shared by hubert guillaud on 04 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • hubert guillaud on 04 Mar 13
     
    Le développement de la consommation collaborative va avoir un impact majeur sur la façon dont on conçoit la ville et notamment l'espace public urbain, estime Emily Badger pour The Atlantic Cities. Le partage va changer notre façon de concevoir l'espace urbain et d'en résoudre les problèmes. Encore un étrange article sur la consommation collaborative qui explique que la principale motivation de l'économie collaborative c'est rendre plus efficace notre propriété.
Aurialie Jublin

Stop watching your workers - WashingtonPost - 0 views

www.washingtonpost.com/...stop-watching-your-workers

tictravail travail controle management productivité

shared by Aurialie Jublin on 13 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Bernstein found that when managers were looking, employees in the factory, a global contract manufacturer that produced mobile devices, did everything by the book so as not to call attention to themselves. But when managers weren’t watching, employees used a variety of easier and even safer tricks of their own to keep production humming at an even faster pace. In one study, simply hanging a curtain so that managers couldn’t see workers increased productivity by 10 to 15 percent.
  • When workers have enough autonomy to experiment, fail and share ideas outside the watchful eye of their managers, they could very well develop and perfect tools that make them more productive, not less.
  • Aurialie Jublin on 13 Jan 14
     
    "The paper, which Bernstein titled "The Transparency Paradox," found that productivity actually increased when a group of Chinese manufacturing employees were not being closely watched by their managers."
  • Aurialie Jublin on 12 Mar 14
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