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Nathan Goodyear

Glutathione Redox Regulates Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Airway Inflammation in Mice ... - 0 views

www.atsjournals.org/...rcmb.2006-0423OC

glutathione asthma inflammation

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 07 Jul 16 - No Cached
  • γ-GCE reduced levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and the chemokines eotaxin and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, whereas it enhanced the production of IL-12 and IFN-γ.
  • γ-GCE suppressed eosinophils infiltration
  • γ-GCE directly inhibited chemokine-induced eosinophil chemotaxis
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • these findings suggest that changing glutathione redox balance, increase in GSH level, and the GSH/GSSG ratio by γ-GCE, ameliorate bronchial asthma by altering the Th1/Th2 imbalance through IL-12 production from APC and suppressing chemokine production and eosinophil migration itself.
  • Bronchial asthma is a typical helper T cell type 2 (Th2) disease
  • Through the release of Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, orchestrate the recruitment and activation of the primary effector cells of the allergic response: the mast cells and the eosinophils
  • Glutathione is the most abundant nonprotein sulfhydryl compound in almost all cells. This tripeptide plays a significant role in many biological processes. It also constitutes the first line of the cellular defense mechanism against oxidative injury along with SOD, ascorbate, vitamin E, and catalase, and is the major intracellular redox buffer in ubiquitous cell types
  • We have shown that glutathione redox status, namely the balance between intracellular reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, in murine antigen-presenting cells (APC) plays a central role in determining which of the reductive and oxidative APC predominate during immune status, and the balance between reductive and oxidative APC regulates Th1/Th2 balance through production of IL-12
  • we have also shown that exposure of human alveolar macrophages to the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ or the Th2 cytokine IL-4 either increases or decreases the GSH/GSSG ratio, respectively, which regulates Th1/Th2 balance through IL-12 production
  • the ability to generate a Th1 or Th2 type response has turned out to depend not only on T cells but also on the intracellular glutathione redox status of APC
  • Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and Th2 cytokine IL-4 increases and decreases the GSH/GSSG ratio, respectively, and that this ratio influences LPS-induced IL-12 production from alveolar macrophages
  • the ability to generate a Th1 or Th2 response is dependent on glutathione redox status of APC
  • administration of γ-GCE elevates GSH level and GSH/GSSG ratio in the lung, and ameliorates AHR and eosinophilic airway inflammation by altering the Th1/Th2 balance and suppressing chemokine production and eosinophil migration in a mouse asthma model
  • Nathan Goodyear on 07 Jul 16
     
    glutathione redox reaction plays an important role in the ability to balance Th1 and Th2 and thus disease potential i.e. asthma as this study example.  
Nathan Goodyear

Immune Modulation in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with the Pregnancy Hormone Est... - 0 views

www.jimmunol.org/...6267.long

MS RA rheumatoid arthritis psoriasis multiple sclerosis Estriol autoimmune disease inflammation hormone hormones E3

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 19 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • A beneficial effect of pregnancy on clinical symptoms has been observed in MS and other Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, uveitis, and thyroiditis
  • In general, Th1 lymphocytes secrete proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) that promote cellular immunity, while Th2 lymphocytes produce anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10) that promote humoral immunity
  • Th2 cytokines are associated with the down-regulation of Th1 cytokines and may confer protection from Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • During pregnancy, there is a shift from Th1 to Th2 that occurs both locally, at the fetal maternal interface, (23, 24, 25), and systemically
  • Nathan Goodyear on 19 Mar 14
     
    MS is in part a Th1 autoimmune disease.  Estriol therapy induces a shift to Th2 through increase in Th10.  Estriol also decreases TNF-alpha cytokine production.
Nathan Goodyear

Gender and sex hormones in multiple sclerosis pathology and therapy - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2689399

hormones MS multiple Sclerosis Estriol progesterone

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jan 17 - No Cached
  • It is now well recognized that the disease manifestation is reduced in pregnant women with relapsing-remitting MS
  • This occurs particularly during the third trimester when levels of estrogens (estradiol and estriol) and progesterone (see Table 2) are elevated up to about 20 times
  • This seems well correlated with a decrease in active white matter lesions detected by MRI
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • This clinical improvement is however followed by temporary rebound exacerbations at post-partum, when the hormone levels decline
  • a shift from Th1 to Th2 immune response, expansion of suppressive regulatory T lymphocytes and decrease in the number of circulating CD16+ natural killer (NK)-cells
  • Th1 lymphocytes secrete proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-2, IFNgamma, lymphotoxin) while Th2 cells secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-4, IL-5, IL-10), which favor humoral-mediated responses
  • Th2 cytokines are associated with down-regulation of Th1 cytokines and this Th2 shift is believed to provide protection from allograft rejection during pregnancy as well as from Th1-mediated autoimmune disease
  • it is worth noting that the levels of other hormones with anti-inflammatory activity (1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3, norepinephrine, cortisol) also increase by 2 to 4 times during late pregnancy
  • 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 induces regulatory T-cell function important for development of self-tolerance
  • breast-feeding does not alter the relapse rate in women with MS
  • Leptin is a pleiotropic hormone produced primarily by adipocytes but also by T lymphocytes and neurons
  • Several lines of evidence indicate that leptin contributes to EAE/MS pathogenesis, influencing its onset and clinical severity, by acting as a proinflammatory cytokine which promotes regulatory T cell (Treg) anergy and hyporesponsiveness, resulting in increased Th1 (TNFalpha, INFgamma) and reduced Th2 (IL-4) cytokine production
  • circulating leptin levels are increased in relapsing-remitting MS patients (men and women analyzed together) while the CD4+CD25+Treg population decreases
  • As the leptin plasma concentrations are proportional to the amount of fat tissue, obese/overweight individuals produce higher levels of leptin
  • Nielsen et al found that estradiol and progesterone exert neuroprotection against glutamate neurotoxicity, while MPA antagonizes the neuroprotective effect of estradiol and exacerbated neuron death induced by glutamate excitotoxicity
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jan 17
     
    very good review of the differences in MS and hormones between the sexes.
Nathan Goodyear

Direct and Indirect Inhibition of Th1 Development by Progesterone and Glucocorticoids - 0 views

www.jimmunol.org/...1087.long

inflammation Th1 progesterone glucocorticoids autoimmune disease

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 12
     
    progesterone and glucocorticoids decrease Th1 activity.
Nathan Goodyear

Boswellia carterii Extract Inhibits TH1 Cytokines and Promotes TH2 Cytokines In Vitro - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC1112084

Frankincense Boswellia carterii immune system Th1 Th2 cytokines

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Apr 12
     
    Frankincense shown to have immunomodulatory function. Boswellia carterii shown to inhibit Th1 cytokines.
Nathan Goodyear

Natural Killer Cells in Pregnancy and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Endocrine and Immunolog... - 0 views

edrv.endojournals.org/...44.full

natural killer cells pregnancy loss recurrent immune system miscarriage NK

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 15 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • NK cells have been the cells most extensively studied, primarily because they constitute the predominant leukocyte population present in the endometrium at the time of implantation and in early pregnancy
  • parental chromosomal abnormalities, uterine anatomic anomalies, endometrial infections, endocrine etiologies (luteal phase defect, thyroid dysfunction, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus), antiphospholipid syndrome, inherited thrombophilias, and alloimmune causes
  • estrogen
  • ...28 more annotations...
  • progesterone
  • prolactin
  • In summary, in vivo animal experiments have shown an inhibitory role of estrogen on peripheral NK cell lytic activity, which is partly due to suppression of NK cell output by the bone marrow and partly due to suppression of individual NK cell cytotoxicity. However, in vitro studies so far have failed to show conclusively a direct effect of estrogen on NK cells.
  • At the progesterone concentrations believed to be present in the uterus [up to 10−5 m at the maternal-fetal interface (35)], studies consistently show inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation (33) and inhibition of NK cytolytic activity in vitro
  • The exact role of prolactin in NK cell regulation is unknown.
  • The overall effects of estrogen on NK cells are likely multifactorial, therefore, and depend on the type of cell affected as well as the kind of ER expressed by that cell.
  • It is known that progesterone can directly affect T cell differentiation in vitro, suppressing development of the Th1 pathway and enhancing differentiation along the Th2 pathway (44)
  • Th1 cells predominantly produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-2, and TNF-β and are involved in cell-mediated immunity. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 and stimulate humoral immunity
  • Furthermore, in response to progesterone, γδ T cells produce progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF) (54
  • A defining characteristic of NK cells is their ability to lyse target cells without prior sensitization and without restriction by HLA antigens.
  • NK cell function is mainly regulated by IL-2 and IFN-γ
  • IL-2 causes both NK cell proliferation and enhanced cytotoxicity. IFN-γ augments NK cytolytic activity, but does not cause NK proliferation. The two cytokines act synergistically to augment NK cytotoxicity (6).
  • The largest leukocyte population in the endometrium consists of NK cells named large granulated lymphocytes
  • there is a significant increase in the number of uNK cells throughout the secretory phase, which peaks in early pregnancy when uNK cells comprise about 75% of uterine leukocytes (62)
  • Second, uNK cell phenotype changes during the normal menstrual cycle and early pregnancy (68)
  • general proinflammatory effect of estrogen, causing an influx of macrophages and neutrophils, which is antagonized by progesterone through its receptor (70, 71).
  • The mechanism of such a progesterone-induced local immunosuppression is unclear.
  • progesterone plays an important role in proliferation and differentiation of uNK cells (32).
  • Through promotion of a uterine Th2 environment, progesterone could indirectly affect uNK cell function
  • The mechanism of this increase in uNK cell numbers has been addressed in both human and mouse models, and is likely the result of: 1) recruitment of peripheral NK cells to the uterus, and 2) proliferation of existing uNK cells
  • prolactin system plays an important role in implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
  • the exact pathways of hormonal regulation of NK cells remain to be delineated.
  • The exact function of uNK cells has not yet been unequivocally determined
  • uNK cells express a different cytokine profile, compared with resting peripheral NK cells. mRNAs for granulocyte CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) have been found in decidual CD56+ cells
  • Their increased numbers in early pregnancy, their hormonal dependence, and their close proximity to the infiltrating trophoblast all suggest that they play an important role in the regulation of the maternal immune response to the fetal allograft and the control of trophoblast growth and invasion during human pregnancy
  • role of uNK cell-derived cytokines on trophoblast growth and differentiation (114, 115, 116, 117).
  • Th1 immunity to trophoblast is associated with RPL, whereas Th2 immunity is associated with a successful pregnancy
  • RPL is associated with Th1 immunity, for which NK cells are partly responsible.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 15 Apr 12
     
    dysregulated immune system plays role in recurrent miscarriage.  Specifically, this article discusses natural killer cells (NK).
Nathan Goodyear

Direct and Indirect Inhibition of Th1 Development by Progesterone and Glucocorticoids - 0 views

www.jimmunol.org/...1087.abstract

progesterone immune system Th1 Th2

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Apr 12
     
    Progesterone found to modulate the immune system.  Progesterone decreases Th1 activity to increase Th2.  This has significant immune mediated disorders/disease.
Nathan Goodyear

Cytokine profiles in localized scleroderma and relationship to clinical features - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3632442

morphea autoimmune disease children scleroderma inflammation

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Evaluation of the literature reveals a Th2 predominant cytokine profile in the biological specimens (sera, PBMCs, and tissue) of those with SSc
  • the literature available from studies in LS show that Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines may contribute equally to the pathogenesis of the disease
  • Classically, Th1 cells have been known to secrete IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, and are stimulated by IL-2 and IL-12
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Th2 cells have been shown to be activated by IL-4 and produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13
  • Th17 cells, a more recently identified Th cell subset that has altered the classic Th1/Th2 paradigm, produce IL-17 A/F, IL-21, and IL-22. IL-1, IL-6, IL-23, and TGF-β are now known to play important roles in the differentiation and propagation of the Th17 cell lineage
  • there is an overall notion that pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 associated cytokines are elevated during the early stages of scleroderma, whereas Th2 cytokines mainly correlate with disease damage and fibrosis extent
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Jan 14
     
    morphea
Nathan Goodyear

Effects of vitamin D on immune disorders with special regard to asthma, COPD and autoim... - 0 views

www.expert-reviews.com/...ers.12.57

vitamin d vitamin autoimmune diseases asthma COPD

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 12 Aug 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 12 Aug 13
     
    Vitamin D is an important immunomodulator.  Vitamin D shown to have benefit in Th1 and Th2 mediated disease states. Asthma and COPD benefit and other Th1 mediated diseases, such as MS, type 1 Diabetes, RA...
Nathan Goodyear

Nrf2 activation by sulforaphane restores the age-related decrease of TH1 immunity: Role... - 0 views

www.jacionline.org/...abstract

sulforaphane nrf2 Th1 Th2

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Mar 11
     
    sulforaphane upregulates Th1 immunity; which aging shifts to Th2 dominance
Nathan Goodyear

Cutting Edge: IL-12 Induces CD4+CD25− T Cell Activation in the Presence of T ... - 0 views

www.jimmunol.org/...641.full

immunotherapy TH1 IL-2 NK NK cells dendritic cells

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 May 18 - No Cached
  • Whereas IL-12 instigates Th1 immune responses, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg)3 actively restrain them
  • Following engagement of their TCR, Treg suppress the proliferation of conventional CD4+CD25− T responder cells in vitro
  • Furthermore, they inhibit the development of CD4+ T cell responses against alloantigens, tumor, microbial, and self-Ags in vivo.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • Treg act to prevent spontaneous autoimmunity and to limit collateral damage to healthy tissues during adaptive immunity. However, these cells also have the potential to sabotage protective antimicrobial responses
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 May 18
     
    Great T cell activiation review: Il-2 stimulates NK cells primarily release from TH1 cells and T cytotoxic lymphocytes are under the control of IL-12 released primarily from dendritic cells.  Inflammatory cytokines in the presence of Treg to stimulate CD4+CD25- T cell activation.
Nathan Goodyear

Pregnancy-Specific Down-Regulation of NF-κB Expression in T Cells in Humans I... - 0 views

www.jimmunol.org/...4583.long

progesterone inflammation Th1 pregnancy NF-kapppB

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 12
     
    this article discusses how progesterone protects the developing pregnancy.  Progesterone down regulates NF-kappaB and thus downregulates Th1 activity.
Nathan Goodyear

Arthritis Research & Therapy | Abstract | Restoration of regulatory and effector T cell... - 0 views

arthritis-research.com/...abstract

lupus SLE vitamin D D3 vitamin D Th1 Th17 inflammation autoimmune disease autoimmunity arthritis

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 28 Oct 12
     
    Vitamin D supplementation in those individuals with SLE found to benefit these patients.   Vitamin D found to reduce TH1 and Th17 activity.  It also was found to decrease memory B cells and auto-antibodies.  Also of note is the level of vitamin D after therapy-only at 51.4 at 2 months and 41.5 at 6 months.
Nathan Goodyear

Estriol and Progesterone: A New Role for Sex Hormones - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3614637

Estriol Progesterone autoimmune disease inflammation hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 May 16 - No Cached
  • Pregnancy-associated Th2 shift has been proposed as a mechanism underlying the improvement of Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases (as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis (MS), autoimmune thyoriditis, uveitis, and psoriatic arthritis
  • Th2-mediated autoimmune diseases (as systemic lupus erythematosus)
  • During pregnancy PRG serum level increases by a factor of 4, while estrogen estriol (E3) serum concentration increases by a factor of 20
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • In pregnant women at or near term there is a daily production of about 300 μmol (80 mg) of E3 and 1 mmol (300 mg) of PRG
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 May 16
     
    Estriol and Progesterone associated, as found with pregnancy, associated with decrease in Th1 autoimmune disease.
Nathan Goodyear

Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on Th1/Th2 Paradigm in Females with Idiopathic Recurrent Pregnan... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...25800618

CoQ10 pregnancy inflammation IFN-gamma

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 25 Apr 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 25 Apr 16
     
    CoQ10 reduced Th1 inflammatory cytokines in those women with recurrent early pregnancy loss.  CoQ10 specifically, reduced IFN-gamma.
Nathan Goodyear

Inhibition of diabetes in NOD mice by human preg... [Hum Immunol. 2001] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...11755999

HCG Th1 autoimmune disease autoimmune diabetes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 15 May 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 15 May 12
     
    HCG shown to inhibit and decrease activity of Th1 cells.
Nathan Goodyear

The effects of β-glucans on dendr... [Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2013] - Pub... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...23092290

beta-glucan NK cells cancer Th1 TH17 immune system

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 May 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 May 14
     
    Beta-glucans stimulate NK cells through TH1 stimulation.  This provides the immune enhancing effect that attacks cancer cells.
Nathan Goodyear

Mistletoe and Immunomodulation: Insights and Implications for Anticancer Therapies - 0 views

www.hindawi.com/...5893017

NK cells cancer immune system Th1 immunotherapy mistletoe

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 16 Oct 20 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 16 Oct 20
     
    Mistletoe increases CD4:CD8 due to increase in Th1 but decrease in Treg; also increase in NK cells. Very important immunomodulatory effect.
Nathan Goodyear

http://www.anh-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/1Estriol_MS_2.pdf - 0 views

www.anh-usa.org/...1Estriol_MS_2.pdf

MS multiple sclerosis Estriol hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 30 Oct 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 30 Oct 16
     
    High dose Estriol found to be effective therapy in Th1 MS.  This pilot study used 8mg of Estriol daily.
Nathan Goodyear

T-cell subsets (Th1 versus Th2). - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...10923599

interleukins Th1 Th2 immune system autoimmune disease CD4 CD8

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jan 17 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jan 17
     
    only abstract available: Review of the cell mediated immune system and the interleukin signaling.
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