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One of the main instances for which women need Testosterone, is post-hysterectomy.  This study confirms that.  This study found benefit in those with and without the removal of the ovaries.

hyperprolactinemia found in some with PCOS.

Study finds Prolactin not associated with PCOS.

case study of coexistent PCOS and hyperporlactinemia.

Inflammatory cytokines appear to inhibit hormone production at the levels of the adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries.  This is in addition to suppression at the level of the hypothalamus and pituitary.  One proposed mechanism is via a reduction of sensitivity of the testes to LH.

Study points to inflammation causing hyperandrogenism via ovarian theca stimulation.

Quercetin found to increase adiponectin levels within women with PCOS with insulin resistance. Adiponectin has been shown to be inversly associated with insulin and insulin resistance.  

Study found that PCOS was associated with increased glycolysis, reduced kreb's cycle activity, and decreased gluconeogenesis.  Also found a decrease in the BCAA/AAA ratio.

Ovulation is when a female's body releases an egg from the ovary so that sperm can fertilize it to complete the reproduction process effectively. Hence, in this article, we will cover all the essential details regarding ovulation, its signs and symptoms, and how long it lasts.

women with PCOS, inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and CRP, associated with increasing androgen levels and with abdominal fat.  Women with less fat had lower levels of TNF-alpha and CRP than their higher weight counterparts, though the inflammatory cytokines were still evident.

It is well known that obesity increases CRP.  However, in this meta-analysis, CRP elevation in women with PCOS was found to be independent from obesity and as they concluded: "...chronic low-grade inflammation that may underpin the pathogenesis of this disorder".

The point of this post is not that the author concludes that metformin an statin therapy should be used in PCOS women on birth control with elevated cardiovascular risk; but that with struggling with PCOS should have cardiovascular risk assessment prior to starting birth control.  Again, back to the individualized approach paradigm.

Increased rate of autoimmune thyroid disease found in women with the hormonal imbalances found in PCOS.  

Though this article looked at diet and exercise on PCOS, this article gives a great review of the pathophysiology of PCOS. This study did show that diet and exercise were effective in lowering androgens and improving insulin resistance.

Only abstract available.  Resveratrol found to reduce total Testosterone by 23% and DHEAS by 22% in women with PCOS;  a decrease in insulin by 32% and improved insulin sensitivity was also noted.

high prevalence of thyroid antibodies, TPO, in women with PCOS.  This does not prove cause and effect, merely an association.  Both are inflammation driven.

Autoimmune thyroid present in 1/3 of women with PCOS.

Article proposes that PCOS may be autoimmune.  Clearly it is inflammatory.