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Martin Leicht

Distracted Minds: 3 Ways to Get Their Attention in Class - 11 views

www.chronicle.com/...o-get-their-attention-in-class

shared by Martin Leicht on 12 Jan 21 - No Cached
  • Attention is reciprocal.
  • The more distracted I am in my interactions with you, the less likely you are to give me your full attention.
  • importance of having students share their strengths and values with you at the beginning of a semester
    • Martin Leicht
      Martin Leicht on 12 Jan 21
       
      NOTE - Everyone is their own individual and bring a lot to your class. The more you know about them, the better chance you can find out how to motivate them.
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • Recognize their individuality
  • The researchers also asked students whether it mattered to them that the instructors knew their names, and more than 85 percent of them said it did
  • because making good use of the full physical space of a classroom is one of the most straightforward ways to keep both professor and students attentive.
    • Martin Leicht
      Martin Leicht on 12 Jan 21
       
      NOTE - I taught from the back. We showed a lot of videos and did demonstrations. So, it was easy to "teach" from the back. ON ZOOM - how do you teach from the back of the class?
  • One advantage of the Zoom classes that many of us are teaching right now is that the names are all right there on the screen
  • Speak to all corners of the room
  • They bring their unique life stories and experiences, which can help provide new perspectives on familiar questions and challenges.
  • Tell you about an important value
    • Martin Leicht
      Martin Leicht on 12 Jan 21
       
      NOTE - Maybe it doesn't need to be all writing? Maybe it can be images and audio or video recordings to accompany them.
  • Tell you about a unique perspective or life experience
  • Describe their greatest academic strength
  • The obvious solution here is to break that barrier
  • Use their names regularly.
    • Martin Leicht
      Martin Leicht on 12 Jan 21
       
      NOTE - Notoriety means power or maybe at least the power to capture their attention.
  • She encourages children first to recognize and write their own names and then to compare the letters and syllables in their own names with those of the other names on the grid
    • Martin Leicht
      Martin Leicht on 12 Jan 21
       
      NOTE - Author's previous post about CLOSE READING. Really spend some time on the name.
  • What is most deserving of our attention in the classroom, of course, are the other human beings in our presence
psmiley

Education Week: 'Real World' Social Media Helps Students Bond, Say Researchers - 26 views

www.edweek.org/...29social.h32.html

education world social media social media helps students bond researchers

shared by psmiley on 18 Apr 13 - No Cached
  • psmiley on 18 Apr 13
     
    Social media and virtual learning
Julie Golden

Need your help! - 39 views

New Link! Thanks everyone for letting me know Please consider taking my survey. It is anonymous, so I won't be able to send a proper thank you.Please know that I will pay your kindness forward to ...

started by Julie Golden on 20 Aug 15 2 follow-ups, last by Julie Golden on 03 Sep 15
Maggie Tsai

Social Bookmarking in Education with Diigo - 66 views

www.brighthub.com/...62228.aspx

diigo education

shared by Maggie Tsai on 30 Apr 10 - Cached
    • Larry Crosswell
      Larry Crosswell on 30 Apr 10
       
      see, highlights AND sticky notes!
    • Mr. Gourley
      Mr. Gourley on 16 Feb 11
       
      My class is learning about Diigo now. They are enjoying it so far.
  • Diigo lets you do more than just bookmark web pages online. For instance, if you install the Diigo toolbar, or toolbar button, you have the ability to highlight text and pictures in a variety of colors, or add sticky notes to a bookmarked page.
    • Mary Maderich
      Mary Maderich on 09 Nov 10
       
      This is so awesome.  Powerful and free!!
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • The real bonus of using social bookmarking with your class is the ease that you can work on project based learning tasks. Teachers can share annotated bookmarks with a class to research a given topic. Students can perform their own research, and share a useful website with the class. Bookmarks can be accessed just as easily at home, as at school, and online discussions can be had over the merit of a suggested site, or its usefulness to the class project.
  • Frederic Dufour on 23 Aug 10
     
    Voici un site intéressant sur l'utilisation de Diigo en enseignement
  • Frederic Dufour on 23 Aug 10
     
    Social bookmarking in education is a new and exciting opportunity for teachers and students to connect and collaborate online. Using Diigo Educator accounts is one of the best ways to achieve this.\n\nRead more: http://www.brighthub.com/education/k-12/articles/62228.aspx#ixzz0uRC5IDei
  • Rebecca Wiberg on 10 Sep 10
     
    kjdsk hfslkjdfh skldjfh kdfh
Jeff Andersen

Four Stats That Will Impact Higher Ed in 2017 | Academic Impressions - 22 views

www.academicimpressions.com/...ats-will-impact-higher-ed-2017

higher ed higher ed trends

shared by Jeff Andersen on 25 Mar 17 - No Cached
  • Jeff Andersen on 25 Mar 17
     
    2017 has the potential to be a volatile year in higher education, and that was the case even before Donald Trump took office. Regulatory uncertainty, continued economic and demographic headwinds, and shifts in both domestic and international student enrollment trends are just a few of the rapids that higher-ed leaders will need to navigate. At Academic Impressions, as we review current research and much of the best current thinking on paths forward for colleges and institutions, we want to draw your attention to four stats that are likely to have an immediate impact in 2017-but that not many are paying heed to.
Julie Golden

Need Your Help!! - 35 views

New Link below. Thanks so much for letting me know. Please consider taking my survey. It is anonymous, so I won't be able to send a proper thank you.Please know that I will pay your kindness forwa...

Web 2.0 elearning collaboration E-learning teaching education higher ed edtech

started by Julie Golden on 21 Aug 15 2 follow-ups, last by Julie Golden on 03 Sep 15
Maggie Tsai

Steli Efti: You do what you do and Diigo what we do! - 1 views

supercoolschool.typepad.com/...you_do_what_you.html

diigo review

shared by Maggie Tsai on 05 Aug 07 - Cached
  • Diigo let´s you bookmark, highlight and sticky-note the Internet! A really remarkable research tool that should be used by every teacher and student worldwide! > What´s really exciting is that you can share these annotations by making them "public" with everyone using Diigo or even create/join a group. This means if you use Diigo and visit a website I highlighted some text and made a sticky note about - YOU CAN SEE IT TOO:) > I just created the > Education Revolutionaries Group > at Diigo: > "This Diigo Group is all about new and innovative education solutions on the Internet. Search, bookmark, highlight and sticky-note the world of online education together with us. Let´s Rock´N´Roll!" > You can > join the > Education Revolutionaries Group > if you like :) Everyone interested in education is welcome! > Kudos to Jim > for making me aware of this killer tool for research - you > won´t believe it but there are people out there never heard of Diigo > before! I knew one of them - me ; ) And > Kudos to you Clay > for making the > cool Diggo video. >
Sheri Edwards

PLN Challenge: How do I organize? | What Else -- - 51 views

whatelse.edublogs.org/...ln-challenge-how-do-i-organize

tools organize ebchallenge #ebshare challenge PLN diigo MSP 2011 web2.0

shared by Sheri Edwards on 26 Jun 11 - No Cached
  • easy as your ABCs
  • Add a highlight to a webpage
  • Comment in the webpage and in the description box about what you learned.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • Bookmark to Diigo (into a group and/or list).
  • research sharing. Each class has their own private group, and we have one group for all our classes. And I belong to several groups, including Classroom 20, Diigo in Education , and EdTechTalk. I’ve created a group for the Teacher Challenges, called “ebchallenge” if you decide to join Diigo. That way, our new PLN we are building can share resources with each other.
  • certain topics, specific tools (like Google Apps).
  • Now that I’ve got you thinking, Diigo has a free and premium version — and teachers should apply for the education version. My language arts students use Diigo for research, note-taking, and writing feedback and
  • t that is just for Tools — Animoto, Wallwish, etc. I also may put how-to pages there, or in my How-To List. I have lists for lessons,
  • Comment in the webpage using the Sticky Note feature and in the description box about what you learned when you click bookmark. Save.
  • Sheri Edwards on 26 Jun 11
     
    Introduction to Diigo and group for sharing resources with our edublog challenge PLN
Matt Claxon

Moving beyond technology in designing online learning - 70 views

www.tonybates.ca/...y-in-designing-online-learning

effective teaching screencast designing online learning

shared by Matt Claxon on 09 Feb 15 - No Cached
  • Some loved them, some hated them, and few were indifferent.
    • Matt Claxon
      Matt Claxon on 09 Feb 15
       
      This is just like my students with the screencasts.  Look for a way to give the TV-haters more options and relevant learning media.
  • At the time (and for many years afterwards) researchers such as Richard Clark (1983) argued that ‘proper’, scientific research showed no significant difference between the use of different media. In particular, there were no differences between classroom teaching and other media such as television or radio or satellite. Even today, we are getting similar findings regarding online learning (e.g. Means et al., 2010).
  • different media can be used to assist learners to learn in different ways and achieve different outcomes. In a sense, researchers such as Clark were right: the teaching methods matter, but different media can more easily support different ways of teaching than others
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Thus requiring the television program to be judged by the same assessment methods as for the classroom lecture unfairly measures the potential value of the TV program. In this example, it may be better to use both methods: didactic teaching to teach understanding, then a documentary approach to apply that understanding. (Note that a television program could do both, but the classroom lecture could not.)
  • many media are better than one.
  • The use of different media also allows for more individualization and personalization of the learning, better suiting learners with different learning styles and needs.
  • technology on its own does not lead to the transfer of meaning.
  • This of course is what we do with technology in education. We try either to incorporate new technology into old formats, as with clickers and lecture capture, or we try to create the classroom in virtual space, as we do with learning management systems. What we are still developing but not yet clearly recognizing are formats, symbols systems and organizational structures that exploit the unique characteristics of the Internet as a medium.
  • Given the need to create and interpret meaning when using media, trying to use computers to replace or substitute for humans in the education process is likely to be a major mistake, at least until computers have much greater facility to recognize, understand and apply semantics, value systems, and organizational factors,
  • it is equally a mistake to rely only on the symbol systems, cultural values and organizational structures of classroom teaching as the means of judging the effectiveness or appropriateness of the Internet as an educational medium.
  • Matt Claxon on 09 Feb 15
     
    Defines the difference between technology and media and provides information (based on academic experience) about how to most effectively create online lessons and media.
robert morris

STEM + Art: A Brilliant Combination - Education Week - 44 views

www.edweek.org/...13ceschini.h34.html

shared by robert morris on 04 Dec 14 - No Cached
  • asked permission to hire an arts-integration teacher
  • and that year and subsequent years, the scores on the state assessments improved.
  • a compendium of 62 research studies that support the powerful positive academic and social effects of learning in and through the arts
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • The research confirms what we know to be true. The arts impact all learning.
  • Neuroscience has also provided an emerging branch of research related to studying the arts. For instance, "Learning Arts and the Brain: The Dana Consortium Report on Arts and Cognition" reinforced the positive impact arts learning has on a young person's ability to retain information.
  • Neither the arts nor the sciences have a monopoly on teaching creativity, collaboration, or problem-solving skills.
  • The design process proved to be as important as the finished product.
  • Schools must provide opportunities for students to learn across disciplines. No longer can we teach in silos.
  • robert morris on 06 Dec 14
     
    ""Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire." -William Butler Yeats"
  • robert morris on 06 Dec 14
     
    ""Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire." -William Butler Yeats"
Stan Golanka

Reading and the Web - Texts Without Context - NYTimes.com - 49 views

www.nytimes.com/...21mash.html

shared by Stan Golanka on 08 Feb 11 - Cached
  • It’s also a question, as Mr. Lanier, 49, astutely points out in his new book, “You Are Not a Gadget,” of how online collectivism, social networking and popular software designs are changing the way people think and process information, a question of what becomes of originality and imagination in a world that prizes “metaness” and regards the mash-up as “more important than the sources who were mashed.”
    • Stan Golanka
      Stan Golanka on 08 Feb 11
       
      Core discussion topic? From this, I see a few discussion issues: 1. Do we prize "mash-ups" more than original work? Who is "we" in this? 2. If the answer to #1 is "yes," then the next question is: is this good or bad? 3. Finally, if the answer is "bad" to #2, what place do "mash-ups" have, and how do we help our students see the value in original work?
  • Web 2.0 is creating a “digital forest of mediocrity” and substituting ill-informed speculation for genuine expertise;
    • Stan Golanka
      Stan Golanka on 08 Feb 11
       
      How do teachers help students rise above this "digital forest of mediocrity"?
  • Mr. Johnson added that the book’s migration to the digital realm will turn the solitary act of reading — “a direct exchange between author and reader” — into something far more social and suggested that as online chatter about books grows, “the unity of the book will disperse into a multitude of pages and paragraphs vying for Google’s attention.”
    • Stan Golanka
      Stan Golanka on 08 Feb 11
       
      If Johnson's predictions are true, is this necessarily bad? How much of this concern is "nostalgia"? What would be lost from an academic p.o.v, and what migh be gained?
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • Instead of reading an entire news article, watching an entire television show or listening to an entire speech, growing numbers of people are happy to jump to the summary, the video clip, the sound bite — never mind if context and nuance are lost in the process; never mind if it’s our emotions, more than our sense of reason, that are engaged; never mind if statements haven’t been properly vetted and sourced.
    • Stan Golanka
      Stan Golanka on 08 Feb 11
       
      Should teachers "fight" this, or embrace it? Can summaries/sound bites ever be appropriate for academic discussions?
  • And online research enables scholars to power-search for nuggets of information that might support their theses, saving them the time of wading through stacks of material that might prove marginal but that might have also prompted them to reconsider or refine their original thinking.
  • Digital insiders like Mr. Lanier and Paulina Borsook, the author of the book “Cyberselfish,” have noted the easily distracted, adolescent quality of much of cyberculture. Ms. Borsook describes tech-heads as having “an angry adolescent view of all authority as the Pig Parent,” writing that even older digerati want to think of themselves as “having an Inner Bike Messenger.”
    • Stan Golanka
      Stan Golanka on 08 Feb 11
       
      Can teachers moderate this attitude? Does our (adults) use/non-use of technology help breed this attitude?
  • authors “will increasingly tailor their work to a milieu that the writer Caleb Crain describes as ‘groupiness,’ where people read mainly ‘for the sake of a feeling of belonging’ rather than for personal enlightenment or amusement. As social concerns override literary ones, writers seem fated to eschew virtuosity and experimentation in favor of a bland but immediately accessible style.
    • Stan Golanka
      Stan Golanka on 08 Feb 11
       
      Does this ring true to educators? Are social concerns and literary conerns opposites? How does web publishing affect "literary" publishing, as opposed to "non-literary" publishing?
  • However impossible it is to think of “Jon & Kate Plus Eight” or “Jersey Shore” as art, reality shows have taken over wide swaths of television,
SHARON DRESSEL

Coh-Metrix - 30 views

edr.sagepub.com/...223.abstract

readability textselection individualized matrix formula reading Coh-Metrix textanalysis

shared by SHARON DRESSEL on 01 Jul 11 - No Cached
  • five major factors that account for most of the variance in texts across grade levels and text categories: word concreteness, syntactic simplicity, referential cohesion, causal cohesion, and narrativity
  • Florence Dujardin on 01 Jul 11
     
    Computer analyses of text characteristics are often used by reading teachers, researchers, and policy makers when selecting texts for students. The authors of this article identify components of language, discourse, and cognition that underlie traditional automated metrics of text difficulty and their new Coh-Metrix system. Coh-Metrix analyzes texts on multiple measures of language and discourse that are aligned with multilevel theoretical frameworks of comprehension. The authors discuss five major factors that account for most of the variance in texts across grade levels and text categories: word concreteness, syntactic simplicity, referential cohesion, causal cohesion, and narrativity. They consider the importance of both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of texts for assigning the right text to the right student at the right time.
  • SHARON DRESSEL on 02 Jul 11
     
    How do we go about selecting texts for individualized reading assistance? This sounds like a new way.
Chai Reddy

Test-Taking Cements Knowledge Better Than Studying, Researchers Say - NYTimes.com - 17 views

www.nytimes.com/...21memory.html

tests testing students studying memorization constructivism mapping

shared by Chai Reddy on 21 Jan 11 - No Cached
  • Taking a test is not just a passive mechanism for assessing how much people know, according to new research. It actually helps people learn, and it works better than a number of other studying techniques.
  • “I think that learning is all about retrieving, all about reconstructing our knowledge,” said the lead author, Jeffrey Karpicke, an assistant professor of psychology at Purdue University. “I think that we’re tapping into something fundamental about how the mind works when we talk about retrieval.”
Glenn Hervieux

/2011/08/Thomas_Brown_A_New_Culture_of_Learning.pdf - 84 views

sites.duke.edu/..._A_New_Culture_of_Learning.pdf

books pedagogy research

shared by Glenn Hervieux on 25 Jan 13 - No Cached
  • Glenn Hervieux on 25 Jan 13
     
    Fascinating book on a new pedagogy for the 21st century teacher and learner. Will we continue to ask students to work in an environment of scarcity, both in resources, but also in the learning process, which is locked up by testing and standards? Check it out!
  • Tom Corbett on 25 Jan 13
     
    I'm not a big fan of this book, but that is not why I'm commenting. Isn't it still under copyright?
Xiaojing Kou

How Listening and Sharing Help Shape Collaborative Learning Experiences | MindShift | K... - 30 views

ww2.kqed.org/...aborative-learning-experiences

language-pedagogy Language-Learning-English collaboration

shared by Xiaojing Kou on 12 Sep 16 - No Cached
  • 1. How Listening and Sharing Works
  • In school, getting people to share can be difficult. Learners may be diffident, or they may not have good strategies for sharing. Children often do not know how to offer constructive criticism or build on an idea. It can be helpful to give templates for sharing, such as two likes and a wish, where the “wish” is a constructive criticism or a building idea.
  • But more often than not, it is because one or more of five ingredients is missing: joint attention, listening, sharing, coordinating, and perspective taking.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Using a common visual anchor (e.g., a common diagram) can help people maintain joint visual attention.
  • Sharing operates on two levels: sharing common goals and sharing ideas.
  • Many college students dislike group projects. Some of this is naïve egoism and an unwillingness to compromise
  • Collaboration requires a great deal of turn-taking coordination.
  • It can be useful to establish collaborative structures and rules.
  • primary reason for collaborating is that people bring different ideas to the table. The first four ingredients—joint attention, listening, sharing, and coordinating—support the exchange of information. The fifth ingredient is understanding why people are offering the information they do. This often goes beyond what speakers can possibly show and say (see Chapter S). People need to understand the point of view behind what others are saying, so they can interpret it more fully. This requires perspective taking. This is where important learning takes place, because learners can gain a new way to think about matters. It can also help differentiate and clarify one’s own ideas. A conflict of opinions can enhance learning (Johnson & Johnson, 2009).
  • An interesting study on perspective taking (Kulkarni, Cambre, Kotturi, Bernstein, & Klemmer, 2015) occurred in a massive open online course (MOOC) with global participation. In their online discussions, learners were encouraged to review lecture content by relating it to their local context. The researchers placed people into low- or high-diversity groups based on the spread of geographic regions among participants. Students in the most geographically diverse discussion groups saw the highest learning gains, presumably because they had the opportunity to consider more different perspectives than geographically uniform groups did
Roland Gesthuizen

Study: Effective School Libraries Impact Entire Schools, Not Just Test Scores - 89 views

www.schoollibraryjournal.com/...hool_libraries_impact.html.csp

shared by Roland Gesthuizen on 26 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • Researchers note that effective school libraries reflect strong cooperation, collaboration, and communication among classroom teachers, administrators and school librarians.
  • Massey notes that most administrators don't know what an effective school library program looks like, and therefore don't understand how they can improve academic achievement.
  • Roland Gesthuizen on 26 Apr 12
     
    "An effective school library impacts more than student achievement-it also lifts a school's entire educational climate, says a recent two-phase study by Rutgers University's Center for International Scholarship in School Libraries (CISSL) on behalf of the New Jersey Association of School Librarians (NJASL)."
Martin Leicht

A Breakthrough for A.I. Technology: Passing an 8th-Grade Science Test - The New York Times - 13 views

www.nytimes.com/...igence-aristo-passed-test.html

Artificial intelligence AI learning technology iteration

shared by Martin Leicht on 02 Feb 20 - No Cached
  • But others, like this question from the same exam, required logic:
    • Martin Leicht
      Martin Leicht on 02 Feb 20
       
      Why do we still test rote memory? Why do not more tests in involve logical choices?
  • A science test isn’t something that can be mastered just by learning rules. It requires making connections using logic
  • “We can’t compare this technology to real human students and their ability to reason,”
    • Martin Leicht
      Martin Leicht on 02 Feb 20
       
      And yet, AI continues to improve/make logical connections. What are we doing to help keep students improving?
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • The new research could lead to systems that can carry on a decent conversation.
  • the world’s leading A.I. labs have built elaborate neural networks that can learn the vagaries of language by analyzing articles and books written by humans.
    • Martin Leicht
      Martin Leicht on 02 Feb 20
       
      This was an improvement. Before, they showed AI thousands upon thousands of photos of dogs. In the end, AI can recognise a dog.
  • Bert learned how to guess the missing word in a sentence.
    • Martin Leicht
      Martin Leicht on 02 Feb 20
       
      Bert (from Google) learned to fill in these missing words by analysing thousands of pages of wikipedia and online books. Bert soaked up so much with so little effort. Never send a Human to do a robots job.
Bradley Bethel

Mind - Research Upends Traditional Thinking on Study Habits - NYTimes.com - 63 views

www.nytimes.com/...07mind.html

shared by Bradley Bethel on 08 Oct 10 - No Cached
  • Take the notion that children have specific learning styles, that some are “visual learners” and others are auditory; some are “left-brain” students, others “right-brain.” In a recent review of the relevant research, published in the journal Psychological Science in the Public Interest, a team of psychologists found almost zero support for such ideas.
    • Bradley Bethel
      Bradley Bethel on 08 Oct 10
       
      Might there still be reason to present material in multiform ways?
Maggie Tsai

CR2.0 Event / Diigo Webinar: Introducing the Diigo Educator Account - 1 views

www.classroom20.com/...social-bookmarking

diigo educator

shared by Maggie Tsai on 16 Nov 08 - Cached
  • Maggie Tsai, co-founder of Diigo and her special guest, Jennifer Dorman, will demo and discuss the first phase of "Diigo Educator Account:" a suite of features that makes it easy for teachers to get their entire class of students or their peers started on collaborative research using Diigo's web annotation and social bookmarking technology. For reference: Peggy Steffens - "Diigo ~ 21st Century Tool for Research, Reading, and Collaboration" http://www.amphi.com/~technology/techtalks/online/nov08/bestpract.htm Thursday, November 20, 2008 at 5:00 PM Pacific / 8:00 PM Eastern / 1:00 AM GMT (on Friday)
  • Maggie Tsai on 16 Nov 08
     
    If you are already using Diigo and like to learn more about the new educator features or join us to share your classroom experiences, or if you are new to Diigo, and want to learn why you might consider doing so and how to get started, come join us at on Nov. 20 evening.
meghankelly492

Music performance skills: A two-pronged approach - facilitating optimal music performan... - 1 views

journals.sagepub.com/...0305735618765349

anxiety Music

shared by meghankelly492 on 21 Aug 19 - No Cached
  • music performance anxiety (MPA)
  • The concept of “flow”, describing the subjective psychological state in which a person is completely immersed and fully concentrated in an activity which is enjoyable and rewarding, is often associated with optimal functioning
  • Anxiety is generally regarded as having an antithetical relationship with flow
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • The clinical implications of this negative association between MPA and flow suggest that a two-pronged approach focusing on facilitating flow and positive functioning as well as reducing pathological MPA may bring about improvements in the performer’s subjective performing experienc
  • Seligman’s (2011) most recent model of well-being, from the field of positive psychology, understands well-being as comprising five elements: Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and Achievemen
  • There is a substantial body of Music Performance Anxiety (MPA) research providing evidence that MPA is a debilitating phenomenon (Kenny, 2011) which can affect musicians at any stage of their careers, from highly experienced professional performers (Fishbein, Middlestadt, Ottati, Straus, & Ellis, 1988; Kenny, Driscoll, & Ackerman, 2014) through to child beginners
  • Anxiety is often described as having an antithetical relationship to the experience of flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975), and it has been suggested that fostering techniques for facilitating flow may provide a powerful tool for reducing MPA and encouraging optimal performance
  • “when performance anxiety was highest, flow was lowest and vice versa … the presence of one minimises the magnitude of the other” (Fullager et al., 2013, p. 251), and a recent study found evidence of a strong, significant negative association between flow and MPA amongst 200 professional orchestral musicians (Cohen & Bodner, 2018), supporting Kirchner et al.’s (2008) earlier findings with music students
  • Investigations of the efficacy of existing methods for treating MPA indicate that Cognitive Behavioural Therapy based interventions are most effective (for an overview, see Burin & Osorio, 2016).
  • However, evidence suggests that pharmacological methods, particularly beta-blockers, are most commonly used, often in the absence of medical supervision (Cohen & Bodner, 2018; Kenny et al., 2014) and that the subject of MPA is still stigmatised, with many musicians and teachers unwilling to talk openly about it
  • Csikszentmihalyi’s nine dimensions of flow as follows
  • Although there was an increase in flow over time, this was not significant, F(1, 20) = 4.27, p > .05, η2 =.18, and there was no evidence of a significant interaction between group and time, F(1, 20) = 0.56, p > .05, η2 = .03, indicating that the hypothesis that there would be an increase in self-reported levels of flow in the intervention group, was not supported.
  • Figure 4. Judge-rated musical performance quality and signs of performance anxiety in the intervention group.
  • These results support the fourth hypothesis that there would be an increase in judge-rated PQ and a decrease in judge-rated SPA.
  • Results showed evidence of a significant negative association between MPA and flow, and three out of the four study hypotheses were supported: the music performance skills intervention was found to be effective in reducing pre-/post-test MPA in the intervention group compared to the wait-list control group; there were significant improvements in positive and negative affect and state anxiety associated with the performance situation in the intervention group; and there were significant improvements in judge-rated PQ and behavioural signs of performance anxiety. However, there was no significant change in pre-/post-test measures of flow. These findings will now be discussed in more detail.
  • This supports the understanding of MPA as a specific type of anxiety, where the performer suffers from MPA without necessarily being generally anxious or impaired in any other areas of his/her life (Clark & Williamon, 2011; Hoffman & Hanrahan, 2011) and corresponds to Kenny’s (2011) description of the first and most mild of three types of MPA (for full coverage of this issue, see Kenny, 2011).
  • Thus, the absence in improvement in levels of flow in the current study could also be due to the low average hours of daily practice reported
  • The increases in participants’ positive affect and decreases in negative affect after the second simulated performance compared to the first indicate that the intervention was effective in facilitating positive emotion, the first component of Seligman’s (2011) PERMA model of well-being
  • Evidence of improvements in judge-rated performance quality indicate that the intervention was also effective in facilitating the fifth (Achievement) component of the PERMA model.
  • “Ironically, it may be that the last people to receive some benefit from the therapeutic value of music may be the musicians themselves” (Brodsky, 1996, p. 95).
  • Hopefully, such an approach will enable developing musicians to acquire the skills necessary to enjoy satisfying, successful and healthy lives as performing musicians, in which the threat of debilitating MPA and the need to recourse to beta-blockers are a thing of the past.
  • Cohen, S., & Bodner, E. (2019). Music performance skills: A two-pronged approach – facilitating optimal music performance and reducing music performance anxiety. Psychology of Music, 47(4), 521–538. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735618765349
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