The benefits of restoring serum testosterone in men with LOH were not significantly different between men older than 65 years of age and younger men. There were no indications that side effects were more severe in elderly men. The effects on prostate and urinary function and hematocrit were within safe margins.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 24 Feb 14
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Low testosterone in a male adolescen... [J Paediatr Child Health. 2014] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...24548000
secondary hypogonadism low T Testosterone male health anabolic steroids
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 24 Feb 14
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case study of secondary hypogonadism resulting from anabolic steroid use.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 May 15
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Elderly men over 65 years of age with late-onset hypogonadism benefit as much from test... - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4392031
low T low Testosterone Testosterone men male hormone hormones late onset hypogonadism hypogonadism
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 May 15
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obesity, but also impaired general health, are the more common causes of low testosterone in aging men
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Severe LOH is associated with substantially higher risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality,
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advanced age, obesity, a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, and poor general health status were predictors of LOH
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Diabetes mellitus was correlated with hypogonadism in most studies
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coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease did not predict hypogonadism, they did correlate with the incidence of low testosterone
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LOH can be defined by the presence of at least three sexual symptoms associated with a total testosterone level of less than 11 nmol/L (3.2 ng/mL) and a free testosterone level of less than 220 pmol/L (64 pg/mL)
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the European Male Aging study defined low T as total < 320 ng/dl and free < 64 pg/ml.
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Mean weight decreased
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Waist circumference decreased
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Total cholesterol decreased
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Low-density lipoprotein decreased
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Triglycerides decreased
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High-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased
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ratio of total cholesterol to HDL improved
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Prostate volume increased
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PSA increased
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The benefits for men older than 65 years of age were compared with those of younger men, and the improvements in body weight, metabolic factors, psychological functioning, and sexual functioning were of the same magnitude in both age groups
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weight loss was progressive over the 6-year period, effects of testosterone on lipids and on psychological and sexual functioning reached a plateau after approximately 3 years and these effects were sustained
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Effects of testosterone on hematopoiesis, on the prostate, and on bladder function were not more severe in older men than in younger men
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observe a mild increase in prostate volume and serum PSA over time, which is a normal finding in aging men. Maybe somewhat surprising, postvoiding residue and the IPSS did not deteriorate with aging but showed a degree of improvement
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the severity of the metabolic syndrome is associated with the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms
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The symptoms of the metabolic syndrome improve upon testosterone treatment and testosterone may thus have a favorable effect on lower urinary tract symptoms
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it seems reasonable to conclude that the risks of testosterone administration to elderly men are not disproportionately higher in elderly men than in younger men.
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Despite evidence to the contrary, physicians still harbor a wrongful association between testosterone and the development of prostate pathology (prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia)
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Not surprisingly, the incidence of prostate cancer was higher in older men; however, it was lower than expected in both groups
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These observations suggest that the incidence of prostate cancer in patients receiving testosterone therapy, both in the younger and in the older group, was not greater than in the general population not receiving testosterone treatment
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The historical fear that raising testosterone levels will result in more prostate cancer has been dispelled, particularly by the work of Abraham Morgentaler
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Higher serum testosterone levels fail to show an increased risk of prostate cancer, and supraphysiological testosterone does not increase prostate volume or PSA in healthy men
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This apparent paradox is explained by the "saturation model,"
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Recent studies indicate no increased risk of prostate cancer among men with serum testosterone in the therapeutic range
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In the present observational study, no cases of major adverse cardiovascular events occurred.
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the benefits of testosterone therapy are fully achieved only by long-term treatment
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To achieve maximal benefits, good patient adherence is a prerequisite
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Study finds new difference in Testosterone benefits and/or side effects between men < 65 with low T and men > 65 with low T.
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Home Remedies For PCOS | Your Health Our Priority - 0 views
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PCOS is a serious disease of the female reproductive tract identified by male pattern baldness, hirsutism, sleep apnea and infertility. Unfortunately, there is no cure for it. However, some home remedies can help ease the symptoms.
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Learn About Male Foreskin Disease - Men's Health Clinic - 1 views
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Long foreskin It was a situation in which he was always so shy when he opened his eyes even though he could easily go out easily, without pain, without tightening. Even when "greeting the flag" he kept hiding the ball under the glans or just poking out. Must have to wait for the hand of "big brother" to slide down to bear the road to see the world around. When you have a clear understanding of the above concepts, the men of the race race to wonder, "Why is the foreskin of my friend not narrowed but why are my and my brother's bad luck?". The doctor asked for the correct answer, partly because of his bad luck, from birth to growing up, the foreskin was like that, "keep loving and protecting the foreskin." But it is not uncommon for other reasons to make men suffer because of foreskin: First, we have to recall the untimely and improper foreskin effects of parents when children are young. It is these overly "anxious" actions of parents that have counterproductive and narrowed down the latter. There are some autoimmune diseases, making the foreskin a fibrous day, loss of elasticity, gradually worsening, called BXO (balanitisxerotica obliterans) - a narrowed glans. This can also be interpreted as a form of glans, which can even cause narrowing of the urinary tract to lead to urinary retention. Some cases of glans and foreskin have been repeatedly infected by microbiological agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.), which can be re-infected and non-stop treatment is also available. can lead to complications of fibrosis and secondary stenosis
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 23 Feb 14
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PLOS ONE: Negative Association between Testosterone Concentration and Inflammatory Mark... - 0 views
www.plosone.org/...10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0061466
low T Testosterone inflammation cytokines poor health men male hormone hormones TNF-alpha MIP macrophage inflammatory protein
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 23 Feb 14
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Testosterone is inversely associated with inflammatory cytokines and thus low T can be used as a marker of poor health in men. This study found a specific association with TNF-alpha and MIP1-alpha.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 Aug 13
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Aromatase and regulating the estrogen:androgen ratio in the prostate gland - 0 views
www.sciencedirect.com/...S0960076009002696
estrogen estradiol Testosterone T:E2 prostate cancer prostate BPH male men hormone hormones cancer health ER alpha ER beta aromatase activity aromatase
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 Aug 13
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This article summarizes it all. With age, Testosterone declines and estrogen production, through elevated aromatase activity, increases. This results in a decline in the Testosterone:estradiol ratio. This has been clearly implicated in both benign and disease states of the prostate. The evidence points to aromatase activity and estrogen in the prostate to poor prostate health. Additionally, this article points out the impact of ER alpha and ER beta on the translation of the message of Estrogen.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Oct 14
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Systematic literature review of the risk factors, ... [Andrology. 2014] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...25269643
cochrane low T low Testosterone aging obesity metabolic syndrome health men male low T Testosterone mortality CVD cardiovascular
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Oct 14
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10 year Cochrane review finds low T associated with aging, obesity, MetS, and poor health. The authors suggest that low T "may be linked to earlier all-cause and cardiovascular related mortality among men". This is supported by other studies. Only abstract available here.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 12 May 14
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Testosterone Deficiency, Cardiac Health, and Older Men - 0 views
www.hindawi.com/...143763
low T Testosterone obesity type II diabetes diabetes health wellness metabolic syndrome lipids cholesterol hypogonadism TDS testicular dysgenesis syndrome men male hormone hormones prostate cancer
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 12 May 14
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Studies have shown pharmacological doses of testosterone to relax coronary arteries when injected intraluminally [39] and to produce modest but consistent improvement in exercise-induced angina and reverse associated ECG changes [40]. The mechanism of action is via blockade of calcium channels with effect of similar magnitude to nifedipine
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This directly refutes the recent studies (3) that Testosterone therapy increases cardiovascular events.
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men with chronic stable angina pectoris, the ischaemic threshold increased after 4 weeks of TRT and a recent study demonstrates improvement continuing beyond 12 months [
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Exercise capacity in men with chronic heart failure increased after 12 weeks
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Studies have shown an inverse relationship between serum testosterone and fasting blood glucose and insulin levels
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Medications such as chronic analgesics, anticonvulsants, 5ARIs, and androgen ablation therapy are associated with increased risk of testosterone deficiency and insulin resistance
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Women with T2D or metabolic syndrome characteristically have low SHBG and high free testosterone
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Hypogonadism is a common feature of the metabolic syndrome
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The precise interaction between insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, and hypogonadism is, as yet, unclear but the important mechanisms are through increased aromatase production, raised leptin levels, and increase in inflammatory kinins
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levels of testosterone are reduced in proportion to degree of obesity
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Men should be encouraged to combine aerobic exercise with strength training. As muscle increases, glucose will be burned more efficiently and insulin levels will fall. A minimum of 30 minutes exercise three times weekly should be advised
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Testosterone increases levels of fast-twitch muscle fibres
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By increasing testosterone, levels of type 2 fibres increase and glucose burning improves
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Weight loss will increase levels of testosterone
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studies now clearly show that low testosterone leads to visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome and is also a consequence of obesity
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In the case of MMAS [43], a baseline total testosterone of less than 10.4 nmol/L was associated with a greater than 4-fold incidence of type 2 diabetes over the next 9 years
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There is high level evidence that TRT improves insulin resistance
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Low testosterone predicts increased mortality and testosterone therapy improves survival in 587 men with type 2 diabetes
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A similar retrospective US study involved 1031 men with 372 on TRT. The cumulative mortality was 21% in the untreated group versus 10% ( ) in the treated group with the greatest effect in younger men and those with type 2 diabetes
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the presence of ED has been shown to be an independent risk factor, particularly in hypogonadal men, increasing the risk of cardiac events by over 50%
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A recent online publication on ischaemic heart disease mortality in men concluded optimal androgen levels are a biomarker for survival
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inverse associations between low TT or FT (Table 2) and the severity of CAD
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A recent 10 year study from Western Australia involving 3690 men followed up from 2001–2010 concluded that TT and FT levels in the normal range were associated with decreased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, for the first time suggesting that both low and DHT are associated with all-cause mortality and higher levels of DHT reduced cardiovascular risk
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TDS is associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality
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The effect of treatment with TRT reduced the mortality rate of treated cohort (8.4%) to that of the eugonadal group whereas the mortality for the untreated remained high at 19.2%
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hypogonadal men had slightly increased triglycerides and HDL
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Men with angiographically proven CAD (coronary artery disease) have significantly lower testosterone levels [29] compared to controls ( ) and there was a significant inverse relationship between the degree of CAD and TT (total testosterone) levels
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TRT has also been shown to reduce fibrinogen to levels similar to fibrates
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men treated with long acting testosterone showed highly significant reductions in TC, LDL, and triglycerides with increase in HDL, associated with significant reduction in weight, BMI, and visceral fat
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Low androgen levels are associated with an increase in inflammatory markers
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In the Moscow study, C-reactive protein was reduced by TRT at 30 weeks versus placebo
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In some studies, a decline in diastolic blood pressure has been observed, after 3–9 months [24, 26] and in systolic blood pressure
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A decline was noted in IL6 and TNF-alpha
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No studies to date show an increase in LUTS/BPH symptoms with higher serum testosterone levels
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TRT has been shown to upregulate PDE5 [65] and enhance the effect of PDE5Is (now an accepted therapy for both ED and LUTS), it no longer seems logical to advice avoidance of TRT in men with mild to moderate BPH.
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What about just starting with normalization of Testosterone levels first.
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Several meta-analyses have failed to show a link between TRT and development of prostate cancer [66] but some studies have shown a tendency for more aggressive prostate cancer in men with low testosterone
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And if one would have looked at their estrogen levels, I guarantee they would have been found to be elevated.
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low bioavailable testosterone and high SHBG were associated with a 4.9- and 3.2-fold risk of positive biopsy
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Current EAU, ISSAM, and BSSM guidance [1, 2] is that there is “no evidence TRT is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer or activation of subclinical cancer.”
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Men with prostate cancer, treated with androgen deprivation, develop an increase of fat mass with an altered lipid profile
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Erectile dysfunction is an established marker for future cardiovascular risk and the major presenting symptom leading to a diagnosis of low testosterone
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Progesterone: the forgotten hormone in men? [Aging Male. 2004] - PubMed result - 0 views
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 24 Mar 14
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Testosterone, Dihydrotestosterone and Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in ... - 0 views
press.endocrine.org/...jc.2013-3576
low Testosterone T DHT men's health DihydroTestosterone CVD cardiovascular disease mortality men male hormone hormones health
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 24 Mar 14
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Abstract published ahead of print finds that DHT and calculated free DHT was associated with CVD and all-cause mortality. This cohort found that Total Testosterone and calculated free Testosterone were not.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 30 Jul 14
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The Association between Premature Coronary Art... [Arch Iran Med. 2014] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...25065277
low T Testosterone low T low Testosterone free Testosterone Total Testosterone CAD coronary artery disease atherosclerosis heart disease men male hormone hormones health
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 30 Jul 14
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Low free and Total Testosterone levels found to be associated with premature CAD in men. Some confounders were present, which they tried to account for--this should leave some healthy questioning of this study results. That being said, this is not the first time low T has been found to be associated with CAD in men. This study found a statistical significant association with Free and Total Testosterone levels in young men. Another point to consider is the Low T a cause or a biomarker and an effect of poor/declining health? I would so more to the biomarker point.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 26 Apr 16
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Neutral associations of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol with fatal and ... - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...27106765
CVD low T low testosterone estradiol Testosterone DHT dihydrotestosterone male health male hormones cardiovascular disease
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 26 Apr 16
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study of middle aged men (mean age--50) finds no correlation between Testosterone, DHT, and higher Estradiol levels in CVD outcomes, including mortality. Men who died during the study had lower total Testosterone, free Testosterone, and DHT levels than those that survived during the study.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 25 Apr 12
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Male Reproductive Health and Environmental Xenoestrogens - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...envhper00347-0052.pdf
xenoestrogens endocrine disruptors men male low Testosterone T environmental toxins
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 25 Apr 12
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Good review of xenoestrogens and the impact these endocrine disruptors are having on men.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 15 Jan 14
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Androgens and prostate disease Cooper LA, Page ST - Asian J Androl - 0 views
www.ajandrology.com/article.asp
prostate disease cancer Testosterone DHT 5-alpha reductase men male hormone hormones
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 15 Jan 14
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intraprostatic androgens are not concomitantly increased when serum androgen levels are raised.
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The "saturation model" proposes that the prostate is sensitive to very low concentrations of circulating androgens, but that once maximal AR binding is achieved, which occurs at relatively low concentrations of circulating T, further increases in serum T have little impact
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men with metastatic prostate cancer given T who had been previously treated with castration had worsening of disease, whereas those without prior castration did not
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There is little data to support the withholding of T therapy on the basis of concern for precipitating prostate cancer.
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Both intervention data and physiology studies point to minimal effects on the prostate gland when serum T levels are increased to the mid-normal range with T therapy
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an individualized care plan to assess the possible risks and benefits of T therapy for each patient is critical to optimizing the use of androgens in male health.
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Nice review of the mixed data on Testosterone and Prostate disease. It is clear that Testosterone does not precipitate prostate cancer. The intraprostatic hormone milieu likely is different than that present in the serum. No surprise there. 5alpha reductase decreases prostate volume, PSA, and low-grade prostate cancer, but actually increases aggressive prostate cancer. Supraphysiologic doping in young men associated with no increase in prostate disease. PSA no longer to be followed in men < 55. Mortality rate not changed. PSA change of 1.4 ng/ml is appropriate for additional prostate evaluation. Testosterone therapy on average increased 0.5 ng/ml. Still, no mention of aromatase activity in this article. Why is it that hormone sensitive disease in men is only with regards to androgens and women estrogen.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Oct 15
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Circulating vitamin D levels are associated with the presence and severity of coronary ... - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...25640800
vitamin D CAD cardiovascular disease coronary artery disease heart disease heart health
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Oct 15
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Study finds vitamin D is most significant predictor of CAD > than age, gender (male), hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Traditional Dogma is not going to care much for these results.
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Parent bisphenol A accumulation in the human mater... [Environ Health Perspect. 2002] -... - 0 views
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Exposure levels of parent BPA were found within a range typical of those used in recent animal studies and were shown to be toxic to reproductive organs of male and female offspring
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BPA blood concentrations were higher in male than in female fetuses
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Aug 14
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Both total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin are independent risk factors f... - 0 views
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/...abstract
metabolic syndrome men male hormone hormones Total Testosterone free bioavailable SHBG low T low Testosterone
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Aug 14
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Study of 2361 Chinese men found that men with MetS had lower TT, bioavailable Testosterone, free Testosterone and SHBG than those men without MetS. Additionally, Total Testosterone and SHBG were both inversely associated with the risk of MetS. This inverse association stood for both after adjusting for the other.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 26 Feb 13
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Testosterone: a metabolic hormone in health and disease - 0 views
joe.endocrinology-journals.org/...JOE-12-0455.full.pdf
low T low testosterone testosterone metabolic syndrome MetS hormone hormones men male health disease
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 26 Feb 13
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Great, great read and review on the current understanding of testosterone and metabolic dysfunction. Very well referenced.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 May 13
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Testosterone: a vascular hormone in health and disease - 0 views
joe.endocrinology-journals.org/...R47.full
testosterone hormone health disease hormones men male cardiovascular disease CVD
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 May 13
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Testosterone has beneficial effects on several cardiovascular risk factors, which include cholesterol, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation
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In clinical studies, acute and chronic testosterone administration increases coronary artery diameter and flow, improves cardiac ischaemia and symptoms in men with chronic stable angina and reduces peripheral vascular resistance in chronic heart failure.
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testosterone is an L-calcium channel blocker and induces potassium channel activation in vascular smooth muscle cells
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Animal studies have consistently demonstrated that testosterone is atheroprotective, whereas testosterone deficiency promotes the early stages of atherogenesis
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there is no compelling evidence that testosterone replacement to levels within the normal healthy range contributes adversely to the pathogenesis of CVD (Carson & Rosano 2011) or prostate cancer (Morgentaler & Schulman 2009)
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bidirectional effect between decreased testosterone concentrations and disease pathology exists as concomitant cardiovascular risk factors (including inflammation, obesity and insulin resistance) are known to reduce testosterone levels and that testosterone confers beneficial effects on these cardiovascular risk factors
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Achieving a normal physiological testosterone concentration through the administration of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been shown to improve risk factors for atherosclerosis including reducing central adiposity and insulin resistance and improving lipid profiles (in particular, lowering cholesterol), clotting and inflammatory profiles and vascular function
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It is well known that impaired erectile function and CVD are closely related in that ED can be the first clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis often preceding a cardiovascular event by 3–5 years
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no decrease in the response (i.e. no tachyphylaxis) of testosterone and that patient benefit persists in the long term.
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free testosterone levels within the physiological range, has been shown to result in a marked increase in both flow- and nitroglycerin-mediated brachial artery vasodilation in men with CAD
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Clinical studies, however, have revealed either small reductions of 2–3 mm in diastolic pressure or no significant effects when testosterone is replaced within normal physiological limits in humans
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Endothelium-independent mechanisms of testosterone are considered to occur primarily via the inhibition of voltage-operated Ca2+ channels (VOCCs) and/or activation of K+ channels (KCs) on smooth muscle cells (SMCs)
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Testosterone shares the same molecular binding site as nifedipine
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Testosterone increases the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and enhances nitric oxide (NO) production
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Testosterone also inhibited the Ca2+ influx response to PGF2α
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one of the major actions of testosterone is on NO and its signalling pathways
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In addition to direct effects on NOS expression, testosterone may also affect phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5 (PDE5A)) gene expression, an enzyme controlling the degradation of cGMP, which acts as a vasodilatory second messenger
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the significance of the action of testosterone on VSMC apoptosis and proliferation in atherosclerosis is difficult to delineate and may be dependent upon the stage of plaque development
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Several human studies have shown that carotid IMT (CIMT) and aortic calcification negatively correlate with serum testosterone
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t long-term testosterone treatment reduced CIMT in men with low testosterone levels and angina
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neither intracellular nor membrane-associated ARs are required for the rapid vasodilator effect
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acute responses appear to be AR independent, long-term AR-mediated effects on the vasculature have also been described, primarily in the context of vascular tone regulation via the modulation of gene transcription
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Testosterone and DHT increased the expression of eNOS in HUVECs
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oestrogens have been shown to activate eNOS and stimulate NO production in an ERα-dependent manner
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Several studies, however, have demonstrated that the vasodilatory actions of testosterone are not reduced by aromatase inhibition
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non-aromatisable DHT elicited similar vasodilation to testosterone treatment in arterial smooth muscle
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increased endothelial NOS (eNOS) expression and phosphorylation were observed in testosterone- and DHT-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells
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Androgen deprivation leads to a reduction in neuronal NOS expression associated with a decrease of intracavernosal pressure in penile arteries during erection, an effect that is promptly reversed by androgen replacement therapy
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Observational evidence suggests that several pro-inflammatory cytokines (including interleukin 1β (IL1β), IL6, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), and highly sensitive CRP) and serum testosterone levels are inversely associated in patients with CAD, T2DM and/or hypogonadism
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patients with the highest IL1β concentrations had lower endogenous testosterone levels
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TRT has been reported to significantly reduce TNFα and elevate the circulating anti-inflammatory IL10 in hypogonadal men with CVD
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testosterone treatment to normalise levels in hypogonadal men with the MetS resulted in a significant reduction in the circulating CRP, IL1β and TNFα, with a trend towards lower IL6 compared with placebo
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parenteral testosterone undecanoate, CRP decreased significantly in hypogonadal elderly men
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Higher levels of serum adiponectin have been shown to lower cardiovascular risk
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Research suggests that the expression of VCAM-1, as induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα or interferon γ (IFNγ (IFNG)) in endothelial cells, can be attenuated by treatment with testosterone
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Testosterone also inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL6, IL1β and TNFα in a range of cell types including human endothelial cells
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decreased inflammatory response to TNFα and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in human endothelial cells when treated with DHT
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The key to unravelling the link between testosterone and its role in atherosclerosis may lay in the understanding of testosterone signalling and the cross-talk between receptors and intracellular events that result in pro- and/or anti-inflammatory actions in athero-sensitive cells.
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testosterone functions through the AR to modulate adhesion molecule expression
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pre-treatment with DHT reduced the cytokine-stimulated inflammatory response
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DHT inhibited NFκB activation
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DHT could inhibit an LPS-induced upregulation of MCP1
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Both NFκB and AR act at the transcriptional level and have been experimentally found to be antagonistic to each other
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As the AR and NFκB are mutual antagonists, their interaction and influence on functions can be bidirectional, with inflammatory agents that activate NFκB interfering with normal androgen signalling as well as the AR interrupting NFκB inflammatory transcription
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prolonged exposure of vascular cells to the inflammatory activation of NFκB associated with atherosclerosis may reduce or alter any potentially protective effects of testosterone
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DHT and IFNγ also modulate each other's signalling through interaction at the transcriptional level, suggesting that androgens down-regulate IFN-induced genes
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(Simoncini et al. 2000a,b). Norata et al. (2010) suggest that part of the testosterone-mediated atheroprotective effects could depend on ER activation mediated by the testosterone/DHT 3β-derivative, 3β-Adiol
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TNFα-induced induction of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin as well as MCP1 and IL6 was significantly reduced by a pre-incubation with 3β-Adiol in HUVECs
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3β-Adiol also reduced LPS-induced gene expression of IL6, TNFα, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2 (PTGS2)), CD40, CX3CR1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, MMP9, resistin, pentraxin-3 and MCP1 in the monocytic cell line U937 (Norata et al. 2010)
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This study suggests that testosterone metabolites, other than those generated through aromatisation, could exert anti-inflammatory effects that are mediated by ER activation.
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The authors suggest that DHT differentially effects COX2 levels under physiological and pathophysiological conditions in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells and via AR-dependent and -independent mechanisms influenced by the physiological state of the cell
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There are, however, a number of systematic meta-analyses of clinical trials of TRT that have not demonstrated an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events or mortality
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The TOM trial, which was designed to investigate the effect of TRT on frailty in elderly men, was terminated prematurely as a result of an increased incidence of cardiovascular-related events after 6 months in the treatment arm
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trials of TRT in men with either chronic stable angina or chronic cardiac failure have also found no increase in either cardiovascular events or mortality in studies up to 12 months
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Evidence may therefore suggest that low testosterone levels and testosterone levels above the normal range have an adverse effect on CVD, whereas testosterone levels titrated to within the mid- to upper-normal range have at least a neutral effect or, taking into account the knowledge of the beneficial effects of testosterone on a series of cardiovascular risk factors, there may possibly be a cardioprotective action
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The effect of testosterone on human vascular function is a complex issue and may be dependent upon the underlying androgen and/or disease status.
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the majority of studies suggest that testosterone may display both acute and chronic vasodilatory effects upon various vascular beds at both physiological and supraphysiological concentrations and via endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms