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study finds variation of thyroid values within the reference range have physiologic impact.  The point is: just because the values are "normal" does not mean the thyroid function is normal.

combined T4/T3 in desiccated thyroid found to reduce cellular immunity in those with autoimmune thyroid disease.

thyroid hormone transportation.  The majority of the thyroid hormone receptors are in the nucleus of the cell.

Thyroid hormone plays significant role in cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction.  Thyroid hormone, particularly T3 as the vast majority of T3 is produced in heart tissue via D1 enzymatic activity, improves cardiac contractility, reduces systemic vascular resistance, reduces cardiac work load, decreases blood pressure, improves cardiac metabolism, and thus improves outcomes post MI.

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) shown to disrupt thyroid hormone function through disruption of the transthyretin binding sites.  Not only is it a xenoestrogen, but it disrupts thyroid function too.

T3 and normalization of thyroid function improves heart function in those with significant heart disease

Leptin regulates hypothalamic-pituitary axis; and don't forget thyroid too.

nice review of thyroid physiology.  Good discussion of peripheral thyroid metabolism.

Anything and everything one would want to know regarding thyroid hormone signaling.  Doctors, especially endocrinologists, need to read this.  T4 is not or is ever inside target cells.  The enzymes, deiodinase types 1, 2, and 3, are what control the thyroid hormone at the cellular levels.  Deiodinase-2 is what generates T3 in the cytosol of the cell.  In contrast, deiodinase-3 is what generates rT3 which is inactive.  High Fat diet increases deiodinase-3.

Selenium is very important in thyroid function, not just Iodine.  Low Se levels significantly correlate with thyroid cancer.

Great review on thyroid hormone receptors alpha and beta, which are nuclear receptors.

T3, and T4 for that matter, increases SHBG.  This would be a novel method to determine thyroid hormone receptor insensitivity or resistance.

Thyroid hormone resistance has cardiac effects.

Chapter of Thyroid from oxford textbook of endocrinology and diabetes

Autoimmune thyroid present in 1/3 of women with PCOS.

T3 shown increase weight loss, lower LDL, decrease apolipoprotein B, decrease T cholesterol versus T4.  This flies in the face of conventional medical dogma, that T 4 (synthroid, levothyroxine) is the only route of thyroid replacement.  In fact, this suppports the use of armour thyroid, a T4/T3 combination.

This study doesn't find evidence of low t3-syndrome, but suggests the impairment of TSH secretion (low TSH)is the first potential sign of thyroid dysfunction.

Wow!  JCEM states, "...it may be time to consider a personalized regime of thyroid hormone replacement therapy in hypothyroid patents."  Otherwise stated, combination T4, T3 provides a more customized thyroid replacement therapy than synthroid alone.

low vitamin D levels associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Thyroid hormone increased localized norepinephrine production and liposlys resulting in decreases SQ adipose tissue compared to hypothyroid.  This study showed a localized effect of adipose tissue by thyroid hormone.