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Nathan Goodyear

Seasonal Variation of Testosterone and Waist to Hip Ratio in Men: The Tromsø ... - 0 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...3099.long

seasonal variation testosterone hormone hormones men male waist hip ratio

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 30 Jul 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 30 Jul 13
     
    Seasonal variations of Testosterone production vary significantly.  This was effected by the waist to hip ratio.  
Nathan Goodyear

Postmenopausal circulating levels of 2- and 16α-hydroxyestrone and risk of en... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3241553

estrogen metabolism 2-hydroxyestrone 4-hydroxyestrone estrogen metabolites cancer uterine cancer endometrial cancer hormones 2:16alpha-OHE1 2:16

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 07 Oct 15 - No Cached
  • our results do not support the hypothesis that greater metabolism of oestrogen via the 2-OH pathway, relative to the 16α-OH pathway, protects against endometrial cancer. Indeed our results are more suggestive of an increase in risk, rather than a decrease, with higher levels of 2-OHE1
  • women with a higher 2-OHE1 : 16α-OHE1 ratio did not have a decreased risk of endometrial cancer as compared with women with a lower ratio
  • The findings from this first prospective epidemiological study of oestrogen metabolites and endometrial cancer are in line with results from prospective studies on breast cancer, another oestrogen-related cancer. None of the seven studies on breast cancer reported significant associations overall
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • On the whole, prospective epidemiological data do not support the hypothesis that the 2-hydroxyestrogen pathway is protective, and the 16α-hydroxyestrogen pathway harmful, in hormone-dependent cancers
  • Both 2- and 4-hydroxyestrogens are catecholestrogens, and it has been suggested that catecholestrogens increase risk of oestrogen-mediated cancers through direct genotoxic effects, rather than through stimulation of cell proliferation via binding to oestrogen receptors
  • the evidence is stronger for 4-hydroxyestrogens than for 2-hydroxyestrogens
  • a significant increase in risk of breast cancer with levels of 2-OHE1 has also been reported previously, although it was limited to hormone receptor-negative tumours
  • Nathan Goodyear on 07 Oct 15
     
    2:16 hydroxyestrone ratio not associated with uterine cancer risk.
Nathan Goodyear

ScienceDirect - The Journal of Urology : AROMATASE INHIBITORS FOR MALE INFERTILITY - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0022534701690992

AROMATASE INHIBITORS MALE INFERTILITY Testosterone Estradiol hormone hormonal imbalance

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 Oct 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 Oct 11
     
    aromatase inhibition in men to increase Testosterone:Estradiol ratio.  Men with infertility have a low Testosterone:Estradiol ratio.  Aromatase inhibitors inhibit Testosterone to Estradiol conversion
Nathan Goodyear

Erythrocyte stearic to oleic acid ratio in prostat... [Br J Urol. 1990] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...2337746

prostate cancer stearic:oleic acid ratio stearic oleic

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 12 Oct 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 12 Oct 11
     
    stearic:oleic acid ratio shown to be useful marker to assess presence and treatment of prostate cancer
Nathan Goodyear

Prognostic value of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in patients with solid tumors: A syste... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...26481060

Lymphocyte:monocyte "lymphocyte:monocyte ratio" cancer immune system immunotherapy lymphocytes monocytes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 16 Nov 18 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 16 Nov 18
     
    Low Lymphocyte:monocyte ratio (< 3) associated with poor prognosis.
Nathan Goodyear

The Peripheral Blood Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio Is Superior to the Lymphocyte-To-Mo... - 0 views

journals.plos.org/...article

Neutrophil:lymphocyte "breast cancer" "triple negative breast cancer

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 24 Dec 18 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 24 Dec 18
     
    Neutrophil:Lymphocyte ratio more valuable than LMR in TNBC
Nathan Goodyear

Overtraining Syndrome - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3435910

overtraining syndrome OTS exercise athletes cortisol adrenals Testosterone Testosterone:Cortisol hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 29 Jan 16 - No Cached
  • Alterations in the HPA and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes with a resultant decrease in testosterone:cortisol ratios have been implicated in OTS. Proinflammatory cytokines are potent activators of the HPA system, which cause release of corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol. These cytokines suppress testosterone through central inhibition
  • Some have suggested that a decreased testosterone:cortisol ratio can be diagnostic of NFO and/or OTS. However, the ratio represents the physiologic strain of training rather than the athlete’s maladaption to that stress
  • Cortisol (catabolic and anti-inflammatory) is converted to inactive cortisone by 11β-HSD2
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • A prospective study found a clinically significant increase in overnight urinary cortisol:cortisone ratio during a high training load period in triathletes, who subsequently underperformed and reported fatigue
  • It is proposed that cytokines may inhibit 11β-HSD2 activity and result in relative increases in cortisol and, hence, catabolism
  • Nathan Goodyear on 29 Jan 16
     
    Overtraining syndrome described.
Nathan Goodyear

Hazard Ratio in Clinical Trials - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC478551

hazard ratio statistics

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 24 Jan 18 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 24 Jan 18
     
    Good review of the Hazard ratio statisticaly analysis.  Many physicians, including myself, have misinterpreted it's meaning.
Nathan Goodyear

http://www.andrologyjournal.org/cgi/rapidpdf/jandrol.112.016386v1.pdf - 0 views

www.andrologyjournal.org/...jandrol.112.016386v1.pdf

T:E2 testosterone:Estradiol ratio hormone hormones seasonal variations variation men

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 15 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 15 Oct 12
     
    This study looked at T:E2 levels in men for seasonal fluctuations.  What is interesting, is that the T:E2 ratio is at it's lowest during the fall months and highest during the summer months.  This does conflict somewhat with studies that have looked at seasons fluctuations of T alone.  But, it does correlate with changes in body habitus and activity levels.
Nathan Goodyear

Influence of dietary carbohydrate intake on the free testosterone: cortisol ratio respo... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...20091182

Testosterone exercise training sports medicine cortisol athletes hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 03 Feb 17 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 03 Feb 17
     
    excessive carb restriction in athletes can lower Testosterone levels and negatively impact Testosterone to cortisol ratio. This will limit performance and hinder recovery.
Nathan Goodyear

The 4-Pregnene and 5α-Pregnane Progesterone Metabolites Formed in Nontumorous... - 0 views

cancerres.aacrjournals.org/...936.full

progesterone metabolism cancer risk 4-pregnene 5alpha-pregnane

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 17 Feb 12 - No Cached
  • We report here the first evidence that tumorous breast tissue exhibits elevated 5α-reductase activity, which promotes significant increases in 5α-pregnanes, especially 5αP,4 whereas the normal (nontumorous) breast tissue produces more 4-pregnenes, especially 3αHP
  • 3αHP and other 4-pregnenes inhibit, whereas 5αP and other 5α-pregnanes stimulate, breast cell proliferation and detachment
  • it is evident that breast tissue can convert progesterone into two classes of metabolites: the δ-4-pregnenes (which retain the C4–5 double bond), and the 5α-reduced 21-carbon steroids (5α-pregnanes)
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • irreversible action of 5α-reductase
  • in normal (nontumorous) breast tissue, the 4-pregnene metabolites of progesterone greatly exceeded the 5α-pregnanes, whereas in tumorous tissue, 5α-pregnanes exceeded 4-pregnenes.
  • These differences in 5α-pregnane and 4-pregnene amounts were largely attributable to differences in 5αP and 3αHP production in tumorous and nontumorous tissues
  • the metabolic activities were in general similar, regardless of the age and ER state of the patient or whether she was pre- or postmenopausal.
  • These findings suggest greatly elevated 5α-reductase activity in tumorous, as compared with nontumorous, breast tissue.
  • progesterone metabolites that retain the C-4 double bond (i.e., the 4-pregnenes) exert an antiproliferative effect in the three cell lines that were tested, whereas the 5α-pregnanes stimulate breast cell line proliferation.
  • the degree of mitogenicity would be determined by the ratio of 5α-pregnanes:4-pregnenes. Tissues with a high 4-pregnene:5α-pregnane ratio would maintain a higher degree of normalcy, whereas those with a high 5α-pregnane:4-pregnene ratio would tend toward tumorigenicity
  • The observations that progesterone metabolites affect both ER-positive and ER-negative cells as well as tumorigenic (MCF-7) and nontumorigenic (MCF-10A) cells strengthen the argument that these factors may be endocrinologically relevant for all forms of breast cancer.
  • progesterone metabolites as the active endocrine/paracrine/autocrine factors
  • Estrogen-based therapies elicit responses in only one-third of all breast cancer patients, and most of these show relapse.
  • the metabolic activities were in general similar, regardless of the age and ER state of the patient or whether she was pre- or postmenopausal.
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 14
       
      Interesting that the effect of progesterone metabolites were found to be independent from ER status, age, and pre/post menopause
  • Nathan Goodyear on 17 Feb 12
     
    Different progesterone metabolites shown to have different tumor effects.  Implications are that, just as estrogen metabolism effects cancer risk, so does progesterone metabolism.
Nathan Goodyear

Diagnosis of overtraining: what tools do we have? [Sports Med. 2002] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...11817995

T:C testosterone cortisol testosterone to cortisol ratio testosterone:cortisol overtraining sports

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 26 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 26 Jun 12
     
    Testosterone to cortisol ratio can help to identify overtraining.
Nathan Goodyear

Central obesity and the aging brain - 0 views

idealab.ucdavis.edu/...jagust_harvey_etal_AN2005.pdf

obesity weight loss waist to hip ratio brain neurology hippocampus

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 13 Jun 12
     
    This study showed that abdominal obesity was associated with a smaller brain volume. Specifically, a high waist to hip ratio was associated with a 27% reduction in hippocampal volume.
Nathan Goodyear

Dyslipidemia is a protective factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - 0 views

www.neurology.org/...1004.short

ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis LDL:HDL cholesterol neurodegenerative disease

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Correlation studies demonstrated that bearing an abnormally elevated LDL/HDL ratio significantly increased survival by more than 12 months.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 13 Jun 12
     
    high LDL:HDL ratios in ALS patients, resulted in increased survival at 12 months.
Nathan Goodyear

Progesterone metabolites regulate induction, growth, and suppression of estrogen- and p... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3706910

progesterone metabolites metabolite 5-alpha pregnene 5-alpha pregnenes 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone 4-pregnene 4-pregnenes 3alpha-dihydroprogesterone breast cancer ER PR hormone hormones receptors estrogen

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • in vitro studies had shown that the progesterone metabolites, 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5αP) and 3α-dihydroprogesterone (3αHP), respectively, exhibit procancer and anticancer effects on receptor-negative human breast cell lines
  • Onset and growth of ER/PR-negative human breast cell tumors were significantly stimulated by 5αP and inhibited by 3αHP
  • When both hormones were applied simultaneously, the stimulatory effects of 5αP were abrogated by the inhibitory effects of 3αHP and vice versa
  • ...31 more annotations...
  • Treatment with 3αHP subsequent to 5αP-induced tumor initiation resulted in suppression of further tumorigenesis and regression of existing tumors
  • Tumorigenesis of ER/PR-negative breast cells is significantly enhanced by 5αP and suppressed by 3αHP, the outcome depending on the relative concentrations of these two hormones in the microenvironment in the breast regions
  • The findings show that the production of 5αP greatly exceeds that of 3αHP in ER/PR-negative tumors and that treatment with 3αHP can effectively block tumorigenesis and cause existing tumors to regress
  • hypothesis that a high 3αHP-to-5αP concentration ratio in the microenvironment may foster normalcy in noncancerous breast regions.
  • a large proportion (about 30% to 60%) of breast tumors are ER and/or PR negative
  • about 90% of normal proliferating breast epithelial cells are receptor negative
  • Our previous in vitro studies had shown that breast tissues and cell lines readily convert progesterone to 5α-pregnanes, such as 5αP, and delta-4-pregnenes, such as 3αHP (Figure ​(Figure1),1), and that tumorous breast tissues [15] and tumorigenic breast cell lines [16] produce higher levels of 5αP and lower levels of 3αHP than do normal breast tissues and nontumorigenic cell lines
  • The progesterone metabolism studies suggested that increases in 5αP and decreases in 3αHP production accompany the shift toward breast cell neoplasia and tumorigenicity
  • In vitro studies on five different human breast cell lines showed that cell proliferation and detachment are significantly increased by 5αP and decreased by 3αHP
  • the prevailing theory of hormonal regulation of breast cancer, as well as hormone-based therapies, revolves around estrogen and/or progesterone and ER/PR-positive breast cells and tumors.
  • Not only do these "receptor-negative" breast cancers fail to benefit from current hormonal therapies, but they also generally exhibit more-aggressive biologic behaviors and poorer prognosis than the receptor-positive ones
  • The results of the studies reported here show for the first time that the progesterone metabolites, 5αP and 3αHP, act as hormones that regulate ER/PR-negative breast tumor formation, growth, and regression
  • The onset of the ER/PR-negative human breast cell tumors in mice was considerably accelerated, and the growth significantly stimulated, by just one or two applications of 5αP
  • In contrast, 3αHP retarded onset of tumor formation, suppressed tumor growth, and inhibited or regressed existing 5αP-induced tumors
  • When both hormones were administered simultaneously, the effects of one were abrogated by the effects of the other.
  • The 5αPR and 3αHPR (which are associated with the plasma membranes of both ER/PR-positive [19] and ER/PR-negative [29] cells) are distinct from each other and from known ER, PR, androgen, and corticosteroid receptors, and lack affinity for other steroids, such as progesterone, estrogen, androgens, corticosteroids, and other progesterone metabolites
  • Levels of 5αPR are upregulated by 5αP itself and estradiol, and downregulated by 3αHP in both ER/PR-positive and -negative cells
  • ndications are that 5αP acts via the surface receptor-linked mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; Erk1/2) pathway; 5αP significantly stimulates activation of Erk1/2 [30], increases the Bcl-2/Bax expression ratio [18] and actin depolymerization [31], and decreases expression of actin and adhesion plaque-associated vinculin [31], resulting in decreased apoptosis and increased mitosis and cell detachment
  • 3αHP appears to suppress protein kinase C (PKC), phospholipase C (PLC), Ca2+ mobilization (unpublished observations), and the Bcl-2/Bax expression ratio [18], and increases expression of the cell-cycle inhibitor p21 [18], resulting in increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation and detachment of breast cell lines.
  • serum from mice with tumors had significantly more 5αP than 3αHP
  • the tumors, which on average had about threefold higher concentrations of 5αP than the respective sera, and &gt;10-fold higher 5αP than 3αHP levels
  • Previous in vitro metabolism studies showed that human breast tumor tissues convert significantly more progesterone to 5α-pregnanes like 5αP and less to 4-pregnenes like 3αHP than do paired normal (nontumorous) tissues
  • Similar differences in progesterone metabolism and enzyme gene expressions were observed between tumorigenic and nontumorigenic breast cell lines
  • breast carcinomas are able to synthesize progesterone
  • The current findings, along with the previous in vitro studies, suggest that the relative concentrations of 5αP and 3αHP in the breast microenvironment constitute important autocrine/paracrine determinants not only for tumorigenesis but also for potential regression of tumors and the maintenance of normalcy of ER/PR-negative breast cells/tissues.
  • Evidence presented here shows that a high concentration of 5αP, relative to 3αHP in the microenvironment, promotes initiation and growth of tumors, whereas a higher concentration of 3αHP, relative to 5αP, suppresses tumorigenesis and promotes normalcy
  • 5α-reductase and 5αPR levels are upregulated by 5αP
  • in the 3αHP-treated mice, the elevated 3αHP levels, relative to 5αP, in the microenvironment could have opposed progression to xenograft neoplasia by its inherent anticancer actions and the suppression of 5αP synthesis and 5αPR expression
  • the opposing actions of the progesterone metabolites also appear to exert some control over the estrogen-regulated effects on breast cancer by their ability to modulate ER numbers in ER-positive cells
  • because both ER/PR-negative and ER/PR-positive, as well as normal and tumorigenic human breast cell lines, have been shown to respond to 5αP and 3αHP in vitro, it is suggested that these endogenously produced progesterone metabolites may also play regulatory hormonal roles in ER/PR-positive breast cancers, as well as in the maintenance of normalcy in nontumorous breast tissues.
  • The in vivo data provide further evidence that progesterone metabolites, such as 5αP and 3αHP, deserve to be considered as active hormones in their own right, rather than inactive waste products
  • Nathan Goodyear on 28 Jan 14
     
    Progesterone metabolites and breast cancer
Nathan Goodyear

Aromatase and regulating the estrogen:androgen ratio in the prostate gland - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0960076009002696

estrogen estradiol Testosterone T:E2 prostate cancer prostate BPH male men hormone hormones cancer health ER alpha ER beta aromatase activity aromatase

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 Aug 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 21 Aug 13
     
    This article summarizes it all.  With age, Testosterone declines and estrogen production, through elevated aromatase activity, increases.  This results in a decline in the Testosterone:estradiol ratio.  This has been clearly implicated in both benign and disease states of the prostate.  The evidence points to aromatase activity and estrogen in the prostate to poor prostate health.  Additionally, this article points out the impact of ER alpha and ER beta on the translation of the message of Estrogen.
Nathan Goodyear

BMC Cancer | Full text | Estrogen receptor alpha/beta ratio and estrogen rece... - 0 views

www.biomedcentral.com/...425

breast cancer ER alpha ER-alpha ER beta ER-beta SERM tamoxifen anastrazole women hormone hormones female

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • 75% of human BCs express estrogen receptors (ERs)
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Oct 14
     
    ER beta expression and the ratio of ER alpha/ER beta is important in prognosis and effectiveness of SERM therapy like tamoxifen.  This study looked at the aromatase inhibitor anastrazole as well.
Nathan Goodyear

Neuroprotective Sirtuin ratio reversed by ApoE4 - 0 views

www.pnas.org/...1314145110.abstract

ApoE4 alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease sirtuins SIRT1 resveratrol

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 23 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 23 Oct 13
     
    ApoE4 allele is known to increase Alzheimer's disease by 10 fold.  One mechanism is through a lowering of SirT1 and an increase in the SirT1:SirT2 ratio.  This SirT1 is the target of resveratrol in red wine.
Nathan Goodyear

ScienceDirect - The Journal of Urology : EVIDENCE OF A TREATABLE ENDOCRINOPATHY IN INFE... - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0022534705665408

INFERTILE MEN Testosterone:Estradiol ratio low T Testosterone estrogen dominance

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 Oct 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 Oct 11
     
    Increase in the Testosterone:Estradiol ratio shown to improve infertility in men.
Nathan Goodyear

Informa Healthcare - Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine - 52(2):97 - Summary - 0 views

informahealthcare.com/...01485010500315479

Testosterone Estadiol Testosterone:Estradiol ratio HPA estrogen dominance low T aromatase obesity overweight

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 Oct 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 Oct 11
     
    a decreasing Testosterone:Estradiol ratio leads to decreased sperm production.  This effectively occurs through the interaction of the elevated Estradiol and the HPA.
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