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Nathan Goodyear

Intestinal Lymphocyte Populations in Children with Regressive Autism: Evidence for Exte... - 0 views

mercola.fileburst.com/....lymphocytes%20in%20autism.pdf

ASD autism IBD inflammation gut intestine

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 29 Jan 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 29 Jan 12
     
    inflammatory changes in the intestines of children with regression autism found that is different from others with inflammatory bowel diseases.
Nathan Goodyear

PLoS ONE: Influence of Milk-Feeding Type and Genetic Risk of Developing Coeliac Disease... - 0 views

www.plosone.org/...journal.pone.0030791

celiac disease PROFICEL study dysbiosis intestinal microbiota breast milk

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 29 Feb 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 29 Feb 12
     
    fascinating article on how the environment and genetics play a role in the development of celiac disease.  In this study, the PROFICEL study, the intestinal microbiota was influenced by breast milk.  Those children breast fed had a favorable microbiota that decreased the incidence of celiac disease.
Nathan Goodyear

Mechanism of IL-1β-Induced Increase in Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction P... - 0 views

www.jimmunol.org/...5653.full

inflammation Gut NF-kappaB intestinal inflammatory conditions

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • The IL-1β-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) permeability has been postulated to be an important mechanism contributing to intestinal inflammation of Crohn’s disease and other inflammatory conditions of the gut
  • the role of myosin L chain kinase (MLCK)
  • IL-1β caused a progressive increase in MLCK protein expression.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • The IL-1β-induced increase in MLCK mRNA transcription and subsequent increase in MLCK protein expression and Caco-2 TJ permeability was mediated by activation of NF-κB
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Mar 11
     
    How systemic inflammation comes from the gut
Nathan Goodyear

Anatomical basis of tolerance and immunity to intestinal antigens : Abstract : Nature R... - 0 views

www.nature.com/...nri1057.html

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue MALT intestinal immune system gut

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 07 Sep 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 07 Sep 11
     
    review of the physiology of the intestinal immune system
Nathan Goodyear

Homeostasis in Intestinal Epithelium Is Orchestrated by the Circadian Clock and Microbi... - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0092867413004625

gut microbiota microflora flora intestinal epithelial cells metabolism TLRs MAMPs

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • a lack of microbiota results in a permanent ileal overproduction of corticosterone due to decreased expression of the D-box-binding E4BP4 repressor. This hypercorticosterolism generates systemic metabolic defects (hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, increased TG and FA)
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Oct 14
     
    to be read article on the communication between gut microbiota and intestinal epithelial cells and the resultant metabolic impact.
Jadibuti jadibuti.net

Diet and Herbal Remedies for Ulcerative Colitis - 0 views

jadibuti.net/al-remedies-ulcerative-colitis

Ulcerative Colitis Home Remedies

shared by Jadibuti jadibuti.net on 29 May 16 - No Cached
  • Jadibuti jadibuti.net on 29 May 16
     
    It is an inflammatory, refractory disease which includes colon, rectum and little part of small intestine. The person who is suffering from Ulcerative colitis in tests shows ulcers inside the colon. Ulcerative colitis comes under the category of ...
  • Jadibuti jadibuti.net on 29 May 16
     
    It is an inflammatory, refractory disease which includes colon, rectum and little part of small intestine. The person who is suffering from Ulcerative colitis in tests shows ulcers inside the colon. Ulcerative colitis comes under the category of ...
Nathan Goodyear

Tight Junctions, Intestinal Permeability, and Autoimmunity Celiac Disease and Type 1 Di... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2886850

gut flora microbiota bacteroides bifidobacterium lactobacillus dysbiosis leaky celiac disease diabetes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 29 Feb 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 29 Feb 12
     
    this study from 2009 showed how disrupted/imbalanced gut flora leads to leaky gut.  This case, high bacteroides relative to bifidobacterium and lactobacillus resulted in disruption of the zonulin pathway and thus lncreased intestinal permeability.
Nathan Goodyear

Diet-Induced Dysbiosis of the Intestinal Microbiota and the Effects on Immunity and Dis... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3448089

dysbiosis diet nutrition metabolic endotoxemia disease inflammation gut

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jul 14 - No Cached
  • The gut microbiota participates in the body’s metabolism by affecting energy balance, glucose metabolism, and low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders
  • Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes represent the two largest phyla in the human and mouse microbiota and a shift in the ratio of these phyla has been associated with many disease conditions, including obesity
  • In obese humans, there is decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes compared to lean individuals
  • ...21 more annotations...
  • weight loss in obese individuals results in an increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes
  • there is conflicting evidence on the composition of the obese microbiota phenotype with regards to Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes ratios
  • Bifidobacteria spp. from the phyla Actinobacteria, has been shown to be depleted in both obese mice and human subjects
  • While it is not yet clear which specific microbes are inducing or preventing obesity, evidence suggests that the microbiota is a factor.
  • targeted manipulation of the microbiota results in divergent metabolic outcomes depending on the composition of the diet
  • The microbiota has been linked to insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes (T2D) via metabolic syndrome and indeed the microbiota of individuals with T2D is also characterized by an increased Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, as well as an increase in Bacillus and Lactobacillus spp
  • It was also observed that the ratio of Bacteriodes-Prevotella to C. coccoides-E. rectale positively correlated with glucose levels but did not correlate with body mass index [80]. This suggests that the microbiota may influence T2D in conjunction with or independently of obesity
  • In humans, high-fat Western-style diets fed to individuals over one month can induce a 71% increase in plasma levels of endotoxins, suggesting that endotoxemia may develop in individuals with GI barrier dyfunction connected to dysbiosis
  • LPS increases macrophage infiltration essential for systemic inflammation preceding insulin resistance, LPS alone does not impair glucose metabolism
  • early treatment of dysbiosis may slow down or prevent the epidemic of metabolic diseases and hence the corresponding lethal cardiovascular consequences
  • increased Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidetes, which is the microbial profile found in lean phenotypes, along with an increase in Bifidobacteria spp. and Lactobacillus spp
  • mouse and rat models of T1D have been shown to have microbiota marked by decreased diversity and decreased Lactobacillus spp., as well as a decrease in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio
  • microbial antigens through the innate immune system are involved in T1D progression
  • The microbiota appears to be essential in maintaining the Th17/Treg cell balance in intestinal tissues, mesenteric and pancreatic lymph nodes, and in developing insulitis, although progression to overt diabetes has not been shown to be controlled by the microbiota
  • There is evidence that dietary and microbial antigens independently influence T1D
  • Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 protects BB-rats from T1D by mediating intestinal barrier function and inflammation [101,102] and a combination probiotic VSL#3 has been shown to attenuate insulitis and diabetes in NOD mice
  • breast fed infants have higher levels of Bifidobacteria spp. while formula fed infants have higher levels of Bacteroides spp., as well as increased Clostridium coccoides and Lactobacillus spp
  • the composition of the gut microbiota strongly correlates with diet
  • In mice fed a diet high in fat, there are many key gut population changes, such as the absence of gut barrier-protecting Bifidobacteria spp
  • diet has a dominating role in shaping gut microbiota and changing key populations may transform healthy gut microbiota into a disease-inducing entity
  • “Western” diet, which is high in sugar and fat, causes dysbiosis which affects both host GI tract metabolism and immune homeostasis
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jul 14
     
    Nice discussion of how diet, induces gut bacterial change, that leads to metabolic endotoxemia and disease.
Nathan Goodyear

The intestine and its microflora are partners for the protection of the host: report on... - 0 views

www.ajcn.org/...675.abstract

microflora probiotics probiotic gut bacteria immune system health intesting

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 07 Sep 11 - No Cached
  • The intestine is the primary immune organ of the body represented by the gut-associated lymphoid tissue through innate and acquired immunity
  • Nathan Goodyear on 07 Sep 11
     
    The balance of our gut bacteria are critical to the health of our immune system and thus the health of the whole body
Nathan Goodyear

Role of faecal calprotectin as non-invasive marker of intestinal inflammation - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S1590865803003815

Calprotectin inflammation GI gut

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 May 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 21 May 14
     
    Calprotectin useful as a marker of intestinal inflammation.
Nathan Goodyear

Metabolic endotoxemia: a molecular link between obesity and cardiovascular risk - 0 views

jme.endocrinology-journals.org/...R51.full

metabolic endotoxemia obesity insulin resistance cardiovascular disease LPS inflammation

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 04 Aug 14 - No Cached
  • Weight gain has been associated with a higher gut permeability
  • a high-fat diet promotes LPS absorption
  • higher concentrations of fatty acids impair intestinal barrier integrity
  • ...37 more annotations...
  • The starting point for innate immunity activation is the recognition of conserved structures of bacteria, viruses, and fungal components through pattern-recognition receptors
  • TLRs are PRRs that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns
  • TLRs are transmembrane proteins containing extracellular domains rich in leucine repeat sequences and a cytosolic domain homologous to the IL1 receptor intracellular domain
  • The major proinflammatory mediators produced by the TLR4 activation in response to endotoxin (LPS) are TNFα, IL1β and IL6, which are also elevated in obese and insulin-resistant patients
  • Obesity, high-fat diet, diabetes, and NAFLD are associated with higher gut permeability leading to metabolic endotoxemia.
  • Probiotics, prebiotics, and antibiotic treatment can reduce LPS absorption
  • LPS promotes hepatic insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic triglyceride accumulation, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines promoting the progression of fatty liver disease.
  • In the endothelium, LPS induces the expression of pro-inflammatory, chemotactic, and adhesion molecules, which promotes atherosclerosis development and progression.
  • In the adipose tissue, LPS induces adipogenesis, insulin resistance, macrophage infiltration, oxidative stress, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
  • the gut microbiota has been recently proposed to be an environmental factor involved in the control of body weight and energy homeostasis by modulating plasma LPS levels
  • dietary fats alone might not be sufficient to cause overweight and obesity, suggesting that a bacterially related factor might be responsible for high-fat diet-induced obesity.
  • This was accompanied in high-fat-fed mice by a change in gut microbiota composition, with reduction in Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium spp.
  • n humans, it was also shown that meals with high-fat and high-carbohydrate content (fast-food style western diet) were able to decrease bifidobacteria levels and increase intestinal permeability and LPS concentrations
  • it was demonstrated that, more than the fat amount, its composition was a critical modulator of ME (Laugerette et al. 2012). Very recently, Mani et al. (2013) demonstrated that LPS concentration was increased by a meal rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA), while decreased after a meal rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA).
  • this effect seems to be due to the fact that some SFA (e.g., lauric and mystiric acids) are part of the lipid-A component of LPS and also to n-3 PUFA's role on reducing LPS potency when substituting SFA in lipid-A
  • these experimental results suggest a pivotal role of CD14-mediated TLR4 activation in the development of LPS-mediated nutritional changes.
  • This suggests a link between gut microbiota, western diet, and obesity and indicates that gut microbiota manipulation can beneficially affect the host's weight and adiposity.
  • endotoxemia was independently associated with energy intake but not fat intake in a multivariate analysis
  • in vitro that endotoxemia activates pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production via NFκB and MAPK signaling in preadipocytes and decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activity and insulin responsiveness in adipocytes.
  • T2DM patients have mean values of LPS that are 76% higher than healthy controls
  • LPS-induced release of glucagon, GH and cortisol, which inhibit glucose uptake, both peripheral and hepatic
  • LPSs also seem to induce ROS-mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cells
  • Recent evidence has been linking ME with dyslipidemia, increased intrahepatic triglycerides, development, and progression of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  • The hepatocytes, rather than hepatic macrophages, are the cells responsible for its clearance, being ultimately excreted in bile
  • All the subclasses of plasma lipoproteins can bind and neutralize the toxic effects of LPS, both in vitro (Eichbaum et al. 1991) and in vivo (Harris et al. 1990), and this phenomenon seems to be dependent on the number of phospholipids in the lipoprotein surface (Levels et al. 2001). LDL seems to be involved in LPS clearance, but this antiatherogenic effect is outweighed by its proatherogenic features
  • LPS produces hypertriglyceridemia by several mechanisms, depending on LPS concentration. In animal models, low-dose LPS increases hepatic lipoprotein (such as VLDL) synthesis, whereas high-dose LPS decreases lipoprotein catabolism
  • When a dose of LPS similar to that observed in ME was infused in humans, a 2.5-fold increase in endothelial lipase was observed, with consequent reduction in total and HDL. This mechanism may explain low HDL levels in ‘ME’ and other inflammatory conditions such as obesity and metabolic syndrome
  • It is known that the high-fat diet and the ‘ME’ increase intrahepatic triglyceride accumulation, thus synergistically contributing to the development and progression of alcoholic and NAFLD, from the initial stages characterized by intrahepatic triglyceride accumulation up to chronic inflammation (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis), fibrosis, and cirrhosis
  • On the other hand, LPS activates Kupffer cells leading to an increased production of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNFα
  • high-fat diet mice presented with ME, which positively and significantly correlated with plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), IL1, TNFα, STAMP2, NADPHox, MCP-1, and F4/80 (a specific marker of mature macrophages) mRNAs
  • prebiotic administration reduces intestinal permeability to LPS in obese mice and is associated with decreased systemic inflammation when compared with controls
  • Cani et al. also found that high-fat diet mice presented with not only ME but also higher levels of inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and macrophage infiltration markers
  • This suggests that important links between gut microbiota, ME, inflammation, and oxidative stress are implicated in a high-fat diet situation
  • high-fat feeding is associated with adipose tissue macrophage infiltration (F4/80-positive cells) and increased levels of chemokine MCP-1, suggesting a strong link between ME, proinflammatory status, oxidative stress, and, lately, increased CV risk
  • LPS has been shown to promote atherosclerosis
  • markers of systemic inflammation such as circulating bacterial endotoxin were elevated in patients with chronic infections and were strong predictors of increased atherosclerotic risk
  • As a TLR4 ligand, LPS has been suggested to induce atherosclerosis development and progression, via a TLR4-mediated inflammatory state.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 04 Aug 14
     
    Very nice updated review on Metabolic endotoxemia
fnfdoc

Symptoms And Causes Of Diverticulitis | Health Blog - 0 views

fnfdoc.com/...symptoms-causes-diverticulitis

Diverticulitis avoid foods Causes Risk Factors Symptoms

shared by fnfdoc on 08 Jun 18 - No Cached
  • fnfdoc on 08 Jun 18
     
    What is diverticulitis and what signs and symptoms occur when you have diverticulitis? What Foods You Should Eat If You Have Diverticulitis and what you should not eat when you discovered you have diverticulitis. Described many causes in this article if you are looking for causes of diverticulitis.
  • fnfdoc on 08 Jun 18
     
    Diverticulitis is a very serious medical condition. It causes inflamed pouches in the lining of your intestine. It is a very serious medical condition that causes infection or inflammation of small pouches in the lining of your intestine that is known as diverticula that develop along the walls of the intestines.
Nathan Goodyear

The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and ... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3735932

SCFA gut gut health diet nutrition metabolism gut flora gut microbiota

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 16 - No Cached
  • Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are present in an approximate molar ratio of 60:20:20 in the colon and stool
  • SCFAs might play a key role in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome, bowel disorders, and certain types of cancer
  • SCFA administration positively influenced the treatment of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • Gut bacteria in the cecum and large intestine produce SCFAs mainly from nondigestible carbohydrates that pass the small intestine unaffected
  • plant cell-wall polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and resistant starches
  • inulin shifted the relative production of SCFAs from acetate to propionate and butyrate
  • age of approximately 3–4 years, when it becomes mature
  • SCFAs affect lipid, glucose, and cholesterol metabolism
  • colonocytes, the first host cells that take up SCFAs and which depend largely on butyrate for their energy supply
  • the microbiota educate the immune system and increase the tolerance to microbial immunodeterminants
  • the microbiota act as a metabolic organ that can break down otherwise indigestible food components, degrade potentially toxic food compounds like oxalate, and synthesize certain vitamins and amino acids
  • a large part of the SCFAs is used as a source of energy
  • The general idea is that colonocytes prefer butyrate to acetate and propionate, and oxidize it to ketone bodies and CO2
  • Exogenous acetate formed by colonic bacterial fermentation enters the blood compartment and is mixed with endogenous acetate released by tissues and organs (103, 104). Up to 70% of the acetate is taken up by the liver (105), where it is not only used as an energy source, but is also used as a substrate for the synthesis of cholesterol and long-chain fatty acids and as a cosubstrate for glutamine and glutamate synthesis
  • SCFAs regulate the balance between fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, and lipolysis in the body.
  • Fatty acid oxidation is activated by SCFAs, while de novo synthesis and lipolysis are inhibited
  • obese animals in this study showed a 50% reduction in relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes (i.e., acetate and propionate producers), whereas the Firmicutes (i.e., butyrate producers) were proportionally increased compared with the lean counterparts.
  • increase in total fecal SCFA concentrations in obese humans.
  • In humans the distinct relation between the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and obesity is less clear.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 16
     
    Great review of the role of SCFA in gut health and body metabolism
Nathan Goodyear

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3458511/ - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3458511

zonulin

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 25 Jan 17 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 25 Jan 17
     
    Good review of zonulin regulation and intestinal permeability
Nathan Goodyear

Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Growth Medium on Lipid Composition and on Phy... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC321255

PUFA poly unsaturated fatty acids GI dysbiosis bacteria microbiota

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 01 May 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 01 May 12
     
    PUFA shown to effect GI bacterial balance.  Altering adhesion of lactobacillus to intestinal surface.  Also, lactobacilli species shown to alter PUFA metabolism in GI.  This article reveals the effect that diet can have on GI bacterial balance.
Nathan Goodyear

Supplementation with Lactobac... [Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 1999] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...10541481

probiotics parasites parasitic infection probiotic

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 01 May 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 01 May 12
     
    probiotics shown to be beneficial in intestinal parasitic infections.
Nathan Goodyear

Short-term oral exposure to aluminium d - PubMed Mobile - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...16084594

aluminium exposure glutathione

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 02 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 02 Apr 12
     
    Aluminum shown to decrease glutathione levels in the intestine.
Nathan Goodyear

Digestive Diseases and Sciences, Volume 57, Number 5 - SpringerLink - 0 views

www.springerlink.com/...5

IBS probiotics dysbiosis

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 31 May 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 31 May 12
     
    study shows that IBS related to dysbiosis, imbalanced microbial population, in the small intestine.  But, as they always do, their thought of treatment is via the old paradigm.  How, about just restoring the bacterial balance with probiotics, which, themselves will kill the unwelcomed bacteria.
Nathan Goodyear

Targeting gut microbiota in obesity: effects of prebiotics and probiotics : Article : N... - 0 views

www.nature.com/...nrendo.2011.126.html

LPS lipopolysaccharides gut microbiota dysbiosis inflammation obesity metabolic endotoxemia health probiotics

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 18 Jan 12 - No Cached
  • gut microbes have a role in the host's metabolic homeostasis
  • lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
  • Associations between circulating LPS level, consumption of a high-fat diet and the presence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus have been confirmed in humans
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • high-fat diet induces metabolic endotoxemia in healthy individuals.
  • A link between energy intake (high-fat diet) and metabolic endotoxemia has also been described
  • associations have been proposed between high-fat diet, metabolic endotoxemia and levels of inflammatory markers (TLRs and SOCS3) in mononuclear cells
  • metabolic endotoxemia is associated with systemic and adipose tissue inflammation in pregnant women with obesity
  • A growing amount of evidence indicates that changes in the integrity of the intestinal barrier occur both in the proximal and the distal part of the gut, which can contribute to the entrance of LPS into the systemic circulation
  • intestinal endocannabinoid system
  • The low-grade systemic inflammation that characterizes the obese phenotype is controlled by peptides that are produced in the gut. These peptides are influenced by the presence or absence of the gut microbiota
  • these findings suggest that the gut microbiota modulates the biological systems that regulate the availability of nutrients, energy storage, fat mass development and inflammation in the host, which are all components of the obese phenotype
  • Nathan Goodyear on 18 Jan 12
     
    good look of how the the gut health, or lack there of, can influence energy homeostasis and contribute to obesity.  This article points to the presence of LPS playing a role in metabolic endotoxemia.  It does discuss the importance of the microbiota and their possible role in the low-grade systemic inflammation condition that is obesity.
Nathan Goodyear

The Candida albicans INT1 gene facilitates cecal colonization in endotoxin-treated mice. - 0 views

www.uniprot.org/...10847632

candida albicans candidiasis endotoxin endotoxins

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Jul 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Jul 13
     
    Antibiotics lead to Candida intestinal colonization which results in increased risk of systemic candidiasis.
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