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Nathan Goodyear

An endocrine pathway in the prostate, ERβ, AR, 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol, and... - 0 views

www.pnas.org/...13589.full

3-beta androstanediol DHT metabolite prostate cancer ER-beta ER beta CYP7b1 cytochrome male hormone hormones men

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Although the prostate is an androgen-dependent tissue, estrogens influence both normal functions and pathological changes in this gland
  • This dual action may be due to the existence of two estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ
  • ERα and ERβ have similar affinities for estradiol-17β
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • In this study we have shown that regulation of the levels of 3βAdiol by CYP7B1 is a key factor in regulation of prostatic growth
  • We provide evidence that proliferating cells in the prostate epithelium have elevated levels of AR and that AR protein but not mRNA levels are regulated by ERβ and its ligand 3βAdiol in the prostate epithelium.
  • because inhibition of 5α-reductase causes accumulation of testosterone and removal of ERβ action increases the level of AR in the prostate, the overall effect of Finasteride would be to favor proliferation of the prostate epithelium
  • studies show that ERβ tends to be lost in advanced prostate cancer.
  • DHEA is converted in the body to 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol, which is also a ligand for estrogen receptors (25, 39) and a substrate for CYP7B1
  • At the peak of proliferation, the proliferating epithelial cells in the ventral prostate expressed high levels of CYP7B1 but had no detectable ERβ, whereas in nonproliferating cells the level of ERβ was high and that of CYP7B1 was low.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 14
     
    3-beta androstanediola, a product of 3alpha-HSD from DHT binds to ER beta and down regulates AR in prostate cancer.  This study proposes that the mechanism is via CYP7B1.  CYP7B1 inactivates 3-beta androstanediol.  Interesting, because 3-beta androstanediol is considered "inactive" when compared to 3-alpha androstanediol and its interaction with ER alpha.  
Nathan Goodyear

Activity and expression of progesterone metabolizing 5α-reductase, 20α-hydrox... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC154104

progesterone metabolites breast cancer 5alpha-reductase 5-alpha pregnene 5-alpha pregnenes 4-pregnene 4-pregnenes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 30 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Exposure of human breast cell lines (MCF-7, MCF-10A, and ZR-75-1) to 5α-pregnanes results in changes associated with neoplasia, including increased proliferation and decreased attachment [1], depolymerization of F-actin [2] and decreases in adhesion plaque-associated vinculin
  • Exposure to 4-pregnenes results, in general, in opposite (anti-cancer-like) effects
  • 5αR1 has been detected in various androgen-independent organs, such as the liver and brain
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • 5αR2 has been found predominantly in androgen-dependent organs, such as epididymis and prostate
  • The 5α-pregnanes:4-pregnenes ratio was about 8-fold higher in tumorous than in nontumorous breast tissue after an 8-hour incubation with [14C]progesterone
  • Studies with breast cell lines, showing that 5α-pregnanes stimulate proliferation and decrease attachment of cells
  • both tissue and breast cell line studies suggest that an elevated level of progesterone 5α-reductase activity may be an indicator of breast tumorigenesis, regardless of presence or absence of ER and/or PR
  • 5αR1 is the main isoform expressed in human breast carcinomas [29] and that 5αR2 may not be associated with risk of breast cancer
  • the differences in 5α-pregnane production between the cells is due primarily to a difference in 5αR1 expression
  • As in the case of 5α-reductase activity, the presence or absence of ER and PR do not appear to be related to 5α-reductase expression.
  • the conversion of progesterone to the cancer promoting 5α-pregnanes is significantly higher in the human tumorigenic breast cell lines
  • lthough both 5αR1 and 5αR2 are expressed by these cells, the elevated 5α-reductase activity appears to be the result of significantly greater expression of 5αR1
  • Changes in progesterone metabolizing enzyme expression (resulting in enzyme activity changes) may be responsible for promoting breast cancer progression due to increased production of tumor-promoting 5α-pregnanes and decreased production of anti-cancer 20α – and 3α-4-pregnenes
  • Nathan Goodyear on 30 Jan 14
     
    balance of enzyme production between 5alpha-reductase and 20alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase and 3alpha(beta)-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase play role in carcinogenesis and proliferation in the balance of production of progesterone metabolites. The 5alpha pregnenes are pro carcinogenic  and the 4-pregnenes are anti carcinogenic.
Nathan Goodyear

Dietary habits and prostate cancer detection: a case-control study - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2572247

prostate cancer diet dietary

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 15 Jul 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 15 Jul 13
     
    case-control study finds that fish intake is associated with decrease risk of prostate cancer and meat is associated with an increase (3 fold) risk.  
Nathan Goodyear

Early Detection of Head and Neck Cancer: Development of a Novel Screening Tool Using Mu... - 0 views

cebp.aacrjournals.org/...102.full

cancer biomarkers inflammation inflammatory cytokines cytokines

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Sep 14
     
    Article looks at proposed 25 biomarkers to screen for Head and Neck squamous cancer.  Most of these could be used for all cancers as they are inflammatory cytokines.
Nathan Goodyear

Metabolic Effects of Liothyronine Therapy in Hypothyroidism: A Randomized, Double-Blind... - 0 views

press.endocrine.org/...jc.2011-1329

T4 T3 hypothyroid hypothyroidism thyroid lipids weight loss metabolism cholesterol hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 24 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • tissue euthyroidism is the net result of multiple steps including conversion of the prohormone T4 into its active metabolite T3, which is ultimately responsible for signaling at the end-organ target level
  • The circulating and intracellular pools of T3 of treated hypothyroid patients (i.e. devoid of endogenous TH production) depend entirely on the conversion of exogenous l-T4 into T3
  • TH is the major regulator of basal metabolic rate
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • The substitution of l-T3 for l-T4 caused a significant weight loss
  • The substitution of l-T3 for l-T4 caused a significant reduction in lipid parameters
  • TH action is increased in the liver, and the SHBG increase supports this hypothesis
  • The changes in serum lipid metabolism parameters are similar to the effects observed with drugs approved for the treatment of dyslipidemia
  • This differential response appears to be limited to the lipid metabolism and SHBG, whereas no differences in indices of insulin resistance were detected. This is remarkable because hyperthyroid states are associated with an increase in hepatic gluconeogenesis (37), and overt thyrotoxicosis is a known cause of secondary diabetes.
  • Despite the increase in serum T3, the l-T3 treatment did not cause major changes in cardiovascular or musculoskeletal function, as indicated by the echocardiographic and maximal exercise tolerance tests and DXA studies.
  • Similarly, no significant differences were observed in blood pressure, heart rate, or endothelial vascular function
  • In conclusion, the results of this pharmacology, proof-of-concept study indicate that replacement therapy of hypothyroidism with l-T3, compared with l-T4 causes weight loss and favorable changes in the lipid profile without appreciable side effects
  • Nathan Goodyear on 24 Sep 14
     
    Crossover study finds T3 versus T4 results in more weight loss, improved lipid management and increased SHBG without any adverse cardiovascular effects.   The T3 was dosed 3 x daily due to its short half life compared to T4.
Nathan Goodyear

Functional voice testing detects early changes in vocal pitch in women during testoster... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...25875779

Testosterone women hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Apr 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 28 Apr 15
     
    decreased pitch is associated with increased dosage of Testosterone therapy in women.
Nathan Goodyear

The Androgen 5α-Dihydrotestosterone and Its Metabolite 5α-Androstan-3β, 17β-D... - 0 views

www.jneurosci.org/...1448.full

DHT 3 beta androstanediol androgens Hypothalamus HPA hormones stress

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 15 Jul 15 - No Cached
  • Sex steroid hormones are primarily responsible for sex difference in adult HPA function; androgens inhibit whereas estrogens enhance HPA axis activation after a stressor
  • the PVN contains relatively high levels of AR (Bingaman et al., 1994; Zhou et al., 1994) and ERβ (Alves et al., 1998; Hrabovszky et al., 1998; Somponpun and Sladek, 2003) but is essentially devoid of ERα
  • the nonaromatizable androgen DHT and the nonselective ER ligand E2 influence HPA reactivity by acting on neurons within or surrounding the PVN
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • inhibitory action of DHT is detectable at both the level of hormone secretion as well as PVN c-fos mRNA expression
  • the inhibition can be mimicked by the DHT metabolite 3β-diol and by the subtype selective ERβ agonist DPN
  • E2 acts to enhance HPA reactivity
  • the ability of the ER antagonist tamoxifen, but not the AR antagonist flutamide, to block the inhibitory actions of DHT, speaks to the intracellular mechanism by which this inhibitory signal might be transduced.
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 15 Jul 15
       
      that is because the interaction with the DHT metabolite is not with the AR, but with the ER-beta.
  • the DHT metabolite 3β-diol and the ERβ-subtype-selective agonist DPN suppressed ACTH, corticosterone, and c-fos mRNA responses to restraint stress in a manner similar to DHT
  • metabolism of DHT to 3β-diol and subsequent binding to ERβ can be inhibitory to HPA reactivity, and this is one possible mechanism for the action of DHT.
  • Our data also suggest that E2 enhances the reactivity of the HPA axis to stress by acting on or near neurons of the PVN
  • the actions of E2 appear to be through an ERα-dependent mechanism
  • these studies suggest that ERβ, within the male hypothalamus, acts to inhibit the HPA axis and that the inhibitory effects of DHT may be, at least in part, via its intracellular conversion to 3β-diol and subsequent binding to ERβ
  • Nathan Goodyear on 15 Jul 15
     
    DHT metabolites: particularly 3beta-androstanediol inhibit HPA axis through ER-beta.
Nathan Goodyear

BMC Medicine | Abstract | DNA barcoding detects contamination and substitution in North... - 0 views

www.biomedcentral.com/...abstract

herbs herbal products

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 04 Nov 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 04 Nov 13
     
    This study found that herbal supplements are not what they claim to be.  The problem here is they didn't publish the companies that were found to be dishonest and then presenting this as a broad represetntation of the industry.  That is intellectual malpractice.  Herbs have observation of thousands of years of their efficacy.  Some companies choose to skimp and falsify components for profit.  This might be the cause of the difference between a $5 bottle of herbs from WalMart and a $50 dollar from a reputable supplier.  This by no means invalidates herbs.
Nathan Goodyear

Low testosterone level is an independent risk factor for high-grade prostate cancer det... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...26086732

low T low Testosterone Testosterone prostate cancer hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 23 Jun 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 23 Jun 15
     
    low Testosterone is associated with increased risk of high grade prostate cancer at time of biopsy compared to normal Testosterone.
Nathan Goodyear

Potential Mechanisms of Estrogen Quinone Carcinogenesis - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2556295

estrogen metabolites estrogen quinones 4-OH-estrone cancer hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 19 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • 4-hydroxyestrone/estradiol was found to be carcinogenic in the male Syrian golden hamster kidney tumor model, whereas, 2-hydroxylated metabolites were without activity
  • 4-hydroxyestradiol induced uterine tumors in 66% of CD-1 mice; whereas, mice treated with 2-hydroxyestradiol or 17β-estradiol had much lower uterine tumor incidence
  • DNA adducts of catechol estrogen quinones have been detected in the mammary glands of ACI rats treated with 4-hydroxyestradiol or it’s quinone
  • Nathan Goodyear on 19 Sep 15
     
    great read on the proposed mechanisms of how estrogen metabolites produce quinone intermediates that are carcinogenic.
Nathan Goodyear

Serial salivary estriol to detect an increased ris... [Obstet Gynecol. 2000] - PubMed r... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...11004346

salivary estriol saliva bioidentical testing

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 24 Nov 10 - No Cached
  • CONCLUSION: Elevated salivary E3 is associated with increased risk of preterm birth in asymptomatic women and symptomatic women who present for evaluation of preterm labor.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 24 Nov 10
     
    salivary estriol, again, validated n PTL risk assessment
Nathan Goodyear

Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction: A Joint Statement on Management from the American Asso... - 0 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...581

thyroid hypothyroidism subclinical

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 16 Dec 10 - No Cached
  • the potential benefits of early detection and treatment of subclinical thyroid dysfunction significantly outweigh the potential side-effects that could result from early diagnosis and therapy
  • Nathan Goodyear on 16 Dec 10
     
    Joint statement on early treatment of thyroid disease and subclinical thyroid dysfunction from The american association of clinical endocrinologists, the American Thyroid Association, and the Endocrine Society
Nathan Goodyear

Percutaneous progesterone use and risk of breast c... [Cancer Detect Prev. 1999] - PubM... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...10403900

progesterone bioidentical breast cancer hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 19 Jan 11 - No Cached
  • combined treatment of oral progestogens with percutaneous progesterone significantly decreased the risk of breast cancer (RR = 0.5
  • Nathan Goodyear on 19 Jan 11
     
    progesterone reduces breast cancer risk by 50%
Nathan Goodyear

Salivary estriol as risk assessment for preterm labor: A prospective trial - 0 views

www.ajog.org/...abstract

salivary estriol

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 18 Jan 11 - No Cached
  • Detection of an early estriol surge or increased level (≥2.3 ng/ml) may be clinically helpful in identifying women at elevated risk for preterm labor and birth, allowing for evaluation of biologically based interventions in controlled trials.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 18 Jan 11
     
    salivary estriol to assess preterm labor
Nathan Goodyear

Dexamethasone in resting and exercising men. II. Effects on adrenocortical hormones - J... - 0 views

jap.physiology.org/...183.full

saliva salivary testing cortisol DHEA androstenedione

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 18 Jan 11 - No Cached
  • The consistent results obtained from the two matrices allow us to consider salivary assays as a useful tool for steroid abuse detection.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 18 Jan 11
     
    saliva testing for cortisol, DHEA, androstenedione
Nathan Goodyear

EWG Report || BodyBurden 2 - The Pollution in Newborns - 0 views

www.ewg.org/...execsumm.php

pollution newborns bodyburden toxins toxicity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 Mar 11 - Cached
  • Tests revealed a total of 287 chemicals in the group.
  • Of the 287 chemicals we detected in umbilical cord blood, we know that 180 cause cancer in humans or animals, 217 are toxic to the brain and nervous system, and 208 cause birth defects or abnormal development in animal tests
  • Nathan Goodyear on 21 Mar 11
     
    Body Burden - The Pollution in Newborns
Nathan Goodyear

Elsevier: Article Locator - 0 views

linkinghub.elsevier.com/...S0140673674920704

low T3 hypothyroid hypothyroidism

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • The most striking abnormality detected in 75 sick euthyroid patients was a highly significant reduction in the mean total serum-triiodothyronine (T3) levels, with most patients having total T3 levels in the hypothyroid range. The severity of the illness correlated well with the reduction in total serum-T3 levels.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Mar 11
     
    low T3 in sick euthyroid clients; severity correlated with decreasing T3
Nathan Goodyear

Iron and aluminum increase in the substantia nigra... [J Neurochem. 1991] - PubMed result - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...1988548

aluminum iron Parkinson's Disease

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 12 May 11 - No Cached
  • ncreased iron levels and the detection of aluminum observed in Parkinson's disease
  • Nathan Goodyear on 12 May 11
     
    increased Iron and Aluminum levels found in Parkinson's Disease
Nathan Goodyear

Divergence of gut permeability and mucosal immune gene expression in two glut... - 0 views

fulltextreports.com/...disease-and-gluten-sensitivity

Gluten sensitivity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 03 May 11 - No Cached
  • GS as a condition associated with prevalent gluten-induced activation of innate, rather than adaptive, immune responses in the absence of detectable changes in mucosal barrier function.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 03 May 11
     
    Gluten sensitivity a result of the innate immunity
Nathan Goodyear

Cancer cells metabolically "fertilize" the tumor microenvironment with hydrogen peroxid... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3180189

cancer reverse warburg effect warburg effect NF-kapppB HIF-1alpha Cav-1 H2O2

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 12 Nov 14 - No Cached
  • reducing oxidative stress with powerful antioxidants, is an important strategy for cancer prevention, as it would suppress one of the key early initiating steps where DNA damage and tumor-stroma metabolic-coupling begins. This would prevent cancer cells from acting as metabolic “parasites
  • Oxidative stress in cancer-associated fibroblasts triggers autophagy and mitophagy, resulting in compartmentalized cellular catabolism, loss of mitochondrial function, and the onset of aerobic glycolysis, in the tumor stroma. As such, cancer-associated fibroblasts produce high-energy nutrients (such as lactate and ketones) that fuel mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism in cancer cells. We have termed this new energy-transfer mechanism the “reverse Warburg effect.
  • Then, oxidative stress, in cancer-associated fibroblasts, triggers the activation of two main transcription factors, NFκB and HIF-1α, leading to the onset of inflammation, autophagy, mitophagy and aerobic glycolysis in the tumor microenvironment
  • ...38 more annotations...
  • oxidative stress and ROS, produced in cancer-associated fibroblasts, has a “bystander effect” on adjacent cancer cells, leading to DNA damage, genomic instability and aneuploidy, which appears to be driving tumor-stroma co-evolution
  • tumor cells produce and secrete hydrogen peroxide, thereby “fertilizing” the tumor microenvironment and driving the “reverse Warburg effect.”
  • This type of stromal metabolism then produces high-energy nutrients (lactate, ketones and glutamine), as well as recycled chemical building blocks (nucleotides, amino acids, fatty acids), to literally “feed” cancer cells
  • loss of stromal caveolin (Cav-1) is sufficient to drive mitochondrial dysfunction with increased glucose uptake in fibroblasts, mimicking the glycolytic phenotype of cancer-associated fibroblasts.
  • oxidative stress initiated in tumor cells is transferred to cancer-associated fibroblasts.
  • Then, cancer-associated fibroblasts show quantitative reductions in mitochondrial activity and compensatory increases in glucose uptake, as well as high ROS production
  • These findings may explain the prognostic value of a loss of stromal Cav-1 as a marker of a “lethal” tumor microenvironment
  • aerobic glycolysis takes place in cancer-associated fibroblasts, rather than in tumor cells, as previously suspected.
  • our results may also explain the “field effect” in cancer biology,5 as hydrogen peroxide secreted by cancer cells, and the propagation of ROS production, from cancer cells to fibroblasts, would create an increasing “mutagenic field” of ROS production, due to the resulting DNA damage
  • Interruption of this process, by addition of catalase (an enzyme that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide) to the tissue culture media, blocks ROS activity in cancer cells and leads to apoptotic cell death in cancer cells
  • In this new paradigm, cancer cells induce oxidative stress in neighboring cancer-associated fibroblasts
  • cancer-associated fibroblasts have the largest increases in glucose uptake
  • cancer cells secrete hydrogen peroxide, which induces ROS production in cancer-associated fibroblasts
  • Then, oxidative stress in cancer-associated fibroblast leads to decreases in functional mitochondrial activity, and a corresponding increase in glucose uptake, to fuel aerobic glycolysis
  • cancer cells show significant increases in mitochondrial activity, and decreases in glucose uptake
  • fibroblasts and cancer cells in co-culture become metabolically coupled, resulting in the development of a “symbiotic” or “parasitic” relationship.
  • cancer-associated fibroblasts undergo aerobic glycolysis (producing lactate), while cancer cells use oxidative mitochondrial metabolism.
  • We have previously shown that oxidative stress in cancer-associated fibroblasts drives a loss of stromal Cav-1, due to its destruction via autophagy/lysosomal degradation
  • a loss of stromal Cav-1 is sufficient to induce further oxidative stress, DNA damage and autophagy, essentially mimicking pseudo-hypoxia and driving mitochondrial dysfunction
  • loss of stromal Cav-1 is a powerful biomarker for identifying breast cancer patients with early tumor recurrence, lymph-node metastasis, drug-resistance and poor clinical outcome
  • this type of metabolism (aerobic glycolysis and autophagy in the tumor stroma) is characteristic of a lethal tumor micro-environment, as it fuels anabolic growth in cancer cells, via the production of high-energy nutrients (such as lactate, ketones and glutamine) and other chemical building blocks
  • the upstream tumor-initiating event appears to be the secretion of hydrogen peroxide
  • one such enzymatically-active protein anti-oxidant that may be of therapeutic use is catalase, as it detoxifies hydrogen peroxide to water
  • numerous studies show that “catalase therapy” in pre-clinical animal models is indeed sufficient to almost completely block tumor recurrence and metastasis
  • by eliminating oxidative stress in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment,55 we may be able to effectively cut off the tumor's fuel supply, by blocking stromal autophagy and aerobic glycolysis
  • breast cancer patients show systemic evidence of increased oxidative stress and a decreased anti-oxidant defense, which increases with aging and tumor progression.68–70 Chemotherapy and radiation therapy then promote further oxidative stress.69 Unfortunately, “sub-lethal” doses of oxidative stress during cancer therapy may contribute to tumor recurrence and metastasis, via the activation of myofibroblasts.
  • a loss of stromal Cav-1 is associated with the increased expression of gene profiles associated with normal aging, oxidative stress, DNA damage, HIF1/hypoxia, NFκB/inflammation, glycolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction
  • cancer-associated fibroblasts show the largest increases in glucose uptake, while cancer cells show corresponding decreases in glucose uptake, under identical co-culture conditions
  • Thus, increased PET glucose avidity may actually be a surrogate marker for a loss of stromal Cav-1 in human tumors, allowing the rapid detection of a lethal tumor microenvironment.
  • it appears that astrocytes are actually the cell type responsible for the glucose avidity.
  • In the brain, astrocytes are glycolytic and undergo aerobic glycolysis. Thus, astrocytes take up and metabolically process glucose to lactate.7
  • Then, lactate is secreted via a mono-carboxylate transporter, namely MCT4. As a consequence, neurons use lactate as their preferred energy substrate
  • both astrocytes and cancer-associated fibroblasts express MCT4 (which extrudes lactate) and MCT4 is upregulated by oxidative stress in stromal fibroblasts.34
  • In accordance with the idea that cancer-associated fibroblasts take up the bulk of glucose, PET glucose avidity is also now routinely used to measure the extent of fibrosis in a number of human diseases, including interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, postsurgical scars, keloids, arthritis and a variety of collagen-vascular diseases.
  • PET glucose avidity and elevated serum inflammatory markers both correlate with poor prognosis in breast cancers.
  • PET signal over-estimates the actual anatomical size of the tumor, consistent with the idea that PET glucose avidity is really measuring fibrosis and inflammation in the tumor microenvironment.
  • human breast and lung cancer patients can be positively identified by examining their exhaled breath for the presence of hydrogen peroxide.
  • tumor cell production of hydrogen peroxide drives NFκB-activation in adjacent normal cells in culture6 and during metastasis,103 directly implicating the use of antioxidants, NFκB-inhibitors and anti-inflammatory agents, in the treatment of aggressive human cancers.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 12 Nov 14
     
    Good description of the communication between cancer cells and fibroblasts.  This theory is termed the "reverse Warburg effect".
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