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The balance of bone health: tipping the scales in favor of potassium-rich, bicarbonate-rich foods. Lanham-New SA. J Nutr. 2008 Jan;138(1):172S-177S. Review. PMID: 18156420

The importance of calcium, potassium, and acid-base homeostasis in bone health and osteoporosis prevention. Tylavsky FA, Spence LA, Harkness L. J Nutr. 2008 Jan;138(1):164S-165S. PMID: 18156418 In concert with the acid-base literature, protein intake is considered to be a net acid-producing substance and thus a net negative risk factor for bone dissolution. However, substantial literature supports the beneficial effects on skeletal metabolism when higher protein levels are consumed in concert with adequate calcium, potassium, and other minerals, regardless of the source of protein (24-26). The Dietary Approaches to Stopping Hypertension (DASH) diet (27) is a calcium-rich diet that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products. This diet underscores the importance of consuming a complement of foods from meats, grains, dairy, fruits, and vegetables as prudent for promoting optimal bone health. In the following articles, Rafferty and Lanham-New carefully review the evidence on the interaction of specific diet components that impact bone health and conclude that a balanced diet with recommended servings of dairy products and a variety of fruits and vegetables is prudent for optimal bone health. Additionally, they comment on future research directions for consideration by the scientific community.

A positive association of lumbar spine bone mineral density with dietary protein is suppressed by a negative association with protein sulfur. Thorpe M, Mojtahedi MC, Chapman-Novakofski K, McAuley E, Evans EM. J Nutr. 2008 Jan;138(1):80-5. PMID: 18156408 Results suggest that protein intake is positively associated with aBMD, but benefit at the LS is offset by a negative impact of the protein sulfur acid load. If validated experimentally, these findings harmonize conflicting theories on the role of dietary protein in bone health.

Role of dietary sphingolipids and inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism in cancer and other diseases. Merrill AH Jr, Schmelz EM, Wang E, Schroeder JJ, Dillehay DL, Riley RT. J Nutr. 1995 Jun;125(6 Suppl):1677S-1682S. Review. PMID: 7782925

Menaquinone-4 concentration is correlated with sphingolipid concentrations in rat brain. Carrié I, Portoukalian J, Vicaretti R, Rochford J, Potvin S, Ferland G. J Nutr. 2004 Jan;134(1):167-72. PMID: 14704312

Rosmarinic acid antagonizes activator protein-1-dependent activation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human cancer and nonmalignant cell lines. Scheckel KA, Degner SC, Romagnolo DF. J Nutr. 2008 Nov;138(11):2098-105. PMID: 18936204

Sphingolipids in food and the emerging importance of sphingolipids to nutrition. Vesper H, Schmelz EM, Nikolova-Karakashian MN, Dillehay DL, Lynch DV, Merrill AH Jr. J Nutr. 1999 Jul;129(7):1239-50. Review. PMID: 10395583

Oral administration of active hexose correlated compound enhances host resistance to West Nile encephalitis in mice. Wang S, Welte T, Fang H, Chang GJ, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Sun B, Fujii H, Kosuna K, Wang T. J Nutr. 2009 Mar;139(3):598-602. Epub 2009 Jan 13. PMID: 19141700 doi:10.3945/jn.108.100297

Active hexose correlated compound acts as a prebiotic and is antiinflammatory in rats with hapten-induced colitis. Daddaoua A, Martínez-Plata E, López-Posadas R, Vieites JM, González M, Requena P, Zarzuelo A, Suárez MD, de Medina FS, Martínez-Augustin O. J Nutr. 2007 May;137(5):1222-8. PMID: 17449585

Breast cancer risk in premenopausal women is inversely associated with consumption of broccoli, a source of isothiocyanates, but is not modified by GST genotype. Ambrosone CB, McCann SE, Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Zhang Y, Shields PG. J Nutr. 2004 May;134(5):1134-8. PMID: 15113959

Arginine and cancer. Lind DS. J Nutr. 2004 Oct;134(10 Suppl):2837S-2841S; discussion 2853S. Review. PMID: 15465796

Dietary long-chain (n-3) fatty acids facilitate immune cell activation in sedentary, but not exercise-trained rats. Robinson LE, Field CJ. J Nutr. 1998 Mar;128(3):498-504. PMID: 9482755

Fish oil and tocopherol-induced changes in natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity and PGE2 synthesis in young and old mice. Meydani SN, Yogeeswaran G, Liu S, Baskar S, Meydani M. J Nutr. 1988 Oct;118(10):1245-52. PMID: 3183771

Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Powers RW, Frank MP, Cooperstein E, Roberts JM.

Vieth R. \nCritique of the considerations for establishing the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D: critical need for revision upwards.\nJ Nutr. 2006 Apr;136(4):1117-22.\nPMID: 16549491 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Heinrich U, Neukam K, Tronnier H, Sies H, Stahl W. Long-term ingestion of high flavanol cocoa provides photoprotection against induced erythema and improves skin condition in women. J Nutr. 2006 Jun;136(6):1565-9. PMID: 16702322 [PubMed - indexed for MEDL

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Tissue phylloquinone and menaquinones in rats are affected by age and gender. Huber AM, Davidson KW, O'Brien-Morse ME, Sadowski JA. J Nutr. 1999 May;129(5):1039-44. PMID: 10222397 The results suggest that in extrahepatic tissues, certain menaquinones may be the predominant form of vitamin K. The specific tissue distribution and the general decline of MK-4 and MK-6 in extrahepatic tissues during aging suggest a vitamin K tissue dynamic that is affected not only by diet, but also by gender, age and the specific roles of phylloquinone, MK-4 and MK-6 in metabolism. All of these factors must be taken into account in establishing the nutrient requirement for vitamin K.

Age and dietary form of vitamin K affect menaquinone-4 concentrations in male Fischer 344 rats. Booth SL, Peterson JW, Smith D, Shea MK, Chamberland J, Crivello N. J Nutr. 2008 Mar;138(3):492-6. PMID: 18287355 These data suggest that dihydrophylloquinone, which differs from phylloquinone in its side phytyl chain, is absorbed but its intake results in less MK-4 in certain tissues. Dihydrophylloquinone may be used in models for the study of tissue-specific vitamin K deficiency

Conversion of dietary phylloquinone to tissue menaquinone-4 in rats is not dependent on gut bacteria. Davidson RT, Foley AL, Engelke JA, Suttie JW. J Nutr. 1998 Feb;128(2):220-3. PMID: 9446847 These data offer conclusive proof that the tissue-specific formation of MK-4 from K is a metabolic transformation that does not require bacterial transformation to menadione as an intermediate in the process