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katherine-medina

Anti-inflammatory effects and possible mechanism of action of lupeol acetate isolated f... - 0 views

journal-inflammation.biomedcentral.com/...1476-9255-7-60

lupeol anti-inflammatory HSR-2023 botany rat-experiments

shared by katherine-medina on 12 Jun 23 - No Cached
Sean Nash liked it
  • The latex collected from its stem bark is used for several purposes including anti-inflammatory properties and presents among its bioactive constituents the pentacyclic triterpene lupeol.
  • administered with LA,
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 12 Jun 23
       
      they were trying to see if it could work as a prevenatitive treatment
  • carrageenan and dextran,
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 12 Jun 23
       
      This causes inflammation
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • the effect of a very low dose of LA (0.1 mg/kg) was potentiated by the same dose of pentoxifylline (PTX), a known TNF-alpha inhibitor. L
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 12 Jun 23
       
      Essentially once they put pentoxifylline into the rat the LA activated.
  • The anti-inflammatory effect of LA probably involves the opioid system, as indicated by the complete blockade of the opioid antagonist naloxone
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 12 Jun 23
       
      So, the LA helped the body with inflammation due to its interaction with the opioid system.
  • rich in triterpenes
  • Carrageenan-induced mice paw edema
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 12 Jun 23
       
      Cool to understand that these next two paragraphs are about how to induce inflammation
  • LA injected 30 min before carrageenan significantly decreased the carrageenan-induced neutrophil migration in a dose-dependent manner. The LA inhibitory effect against carrageenan-induced migration was about 52, 79 and 90%, at the doses of 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p., respectively
  • LA (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced both phases of the formalin test, and the results were significant at the two higher doses. However, the effects were mainly on the 2nd phase with 61% inhibition, whereas the 1st phase was inhibited by 41% at the LA dose of 50 mg/kg, i.p. The naloxone pretreatment completely reversed the LA effect, in the 1st and 2nd phases, indicating the participation of the opioid system in LA antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions.
  • On the other hand, while no significant enzyme release was observed with LA at the concentrations of 1, 10 and 25 μg/mL, a small but significant LDH release (around 2 times) was detected with the higher LA concentration (50 μg/mL), probably related to the presence of 0.2% Tween 80.
  • The results show that LA at the concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL presents no radical scavenging capacity. On the contrary, vitamin E used as the reference drug significantly decreased the absorbance value, as related to controls
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 12 Jun 23
       
      LA can sadly not kill the free radicals that tend to disrupt and kill DNA and other parts of the cell.
  • In the carrageenan-treated groups pretreated with LA (50 mg/kg, i.p.) or indomethacin (10 mg/kg, i.p.), there were significant reductions of iNOS expressing cells.
  • Lupeol is found in several other species and its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities have been already demonstrated [24–28]. It is accepted that the anti-inflammatory property of lupeol often accompany its immune modulatory and anti-tumor action
  • lupeol acetate presents an anti-inflammatory activity by regulating TNF-alpha and IL-2 specific mRNA, besides upregulating the synthesis of IL-10 mRNA [31].
  • In the present work, we showed that lupeol acetate (LA, 93.2% purity) isolated from the H. drasticus latex presented a potent anti-inflammatory action, in several models of inflammation in mice
  • These authors concluded that lupeol possessed an anti-inflammatory activity which is probably related to its ability to prevent the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α and IL-1β.
  • katherine-medina on 12 Jun 23
     
    This study is a good one to go back to if you are curious about alternative types of anti-inflammatory plants.
  • Sean Nash on 15 Jun 23
     
    The carrageenan here (and the fact that you seem interested in the biochemical realm) made me think of a supplement my mom recently asked me to scope out for her (Arteriosil). It also contains a seaweed extract (rhamnan sulfate) Her doctor was recommending it for macular degeneration. Here is the product: https://shop.calroy.com/product/arterosilhp/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw7aqkBhDPARIsAKGa0oKoQchIRSlzL1_PikNwT71f1BmUVgbIM7sXUQS_lJKaGVSCT4O5R7EaAmaUEALw_wcB Here is one study from the NIH: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32344720/
Sean Nash

Large Data Sets - Society for Science - 1 views

www.societyforscience.org/...large-data-sets

resources HSRTC SFS research data sets society SCI-I projectdevelopment questioning statistical analysis HSR-2023 HSR science

shared by Sean Nash on 23 Jun 23 - No Cached
  • Locate a data set that interests you, see how others students have used large data sets in their research, and learn about current scientific studies fueled by big data.
  • Sean Nash on 23 Jun 23
     
    Another really solid pathway into project development is the examination and study of already existing large data sets. I have seen excellent projects that didn't even require students to generate their own data. Instead, they utilize already existing data to answer questions others may not have posed before in relation to that data set. At the very least, becoming familiar with these lines of research can help you discover a line of research that is most compelling to you!
Sean Nash

Creating an ocean of data with the help of underwater robots | Dropbox Blog - 0 views

blog.dropbox.com/...-the-help-of-underwater-robots

oceans marinebiology data bigdata analysis HSR HSR-2023 science statistical analysis mathematics computer science environmental potential research idea biology ocean

shared by Sean Nash on 04 Mar 24 - No Cached
  • Sean Nash on 04 Mar 24
     
    (not all scientific analysis must be done using data YOU have collected!)
ryleighnyp

Real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep: Current Biology - 3 views

www.cell.com/...S0960-9822(21)00059-2

shared by ryleighnyp on 21 May 23 - No Cached
  • study by Strauss and Dehaene13Strauss M. Dehaene S. Detection of arithmetic violations during sleep.Sleep (Basel). 2019; 42: zsy232PubMed Google Scholar focused on electro- and magnetoencephalographic responses to spoken arithmetic equations (addition, multiplication, or subtraction operations).
  • study by Strauss and Dehaene13Strauss M. Dehaene S. Detection of arithmetic violations during sleep.Sleep (Basel). 2019; 42: zsy232PubMed Google Scholar focused on electro- and magnetoencephalographic responses to spoken arithmetic equations (addition, multiplication, or subtraction operations).
    • ryleighnyp
      ryleighnyp on 23 May 23
       
      Magnetoencephalography is a technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain. It is a non-invasive method that can provide high temporal and spatial resolution of brain activity. In the context of the research paper, the authors mention a study by Strauss and Dehaene that focused on electro- and magnetoencephalographic responses to spoken arithmetic equations during wakefulness and sleep. (Copilot)
  • katherine-medina on 21 May 23
     
    An interesting Sleep study about how scientist can communicate with people who are sleeping
Sean Nash

Satellite Monitoring of Biodiversity Moves Within Reach | Current Science Daily - 2 views

currentsciencedaily.com/...iodiversity-moves-within-reach

HSR-2023 HSR statistical analysis mathematics computer science botany environmental science biology satellite monitoring biodiversity current potential research idea

shared by Sean Nash on 15 Jun 23 - No Cached
  • Data for the study came from the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). The network uses standardized methods to collect biodiversity and Earth observation data across the United States which are then made publicly available. NEON imaging spectrometer data collected from research flights have a pixel size of 1x1 meter.
    • Sean Nash
      Sean Nash on 15 Jun 23
       
      I wonder if any of the imagery they have is: 1. Accessible by us, and 2. Available for our area. If so, it might be as simple as doing plant diversity surveys to look for ground truth in our area (young forests & grasslands) between what is REALLY on the ground here, vs. what the satellite imagery shows.
  • Biodiversity monitoring from space possible via satellite
  • The reflectance of plants is determined by their chemical, anatomical and morphological characteristics, which are important for interactions among plants and with their environment. “Plants with similar traits, as well as closely related species, therefore tend to have similar reflectance spectra,” explains Schweiger.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • Spectral diversity calculated in forests with closed canopies and large individual trees matched plant diversity determined on the ground better than spectral diversity calculated in open landscapes dominated by small herbaceous plants and grasses.
katherine-medina

Topical pine tar: History, properties and use as a treatment for common skin conditions... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC5434829

pine-tar non-cancerous treatment HSR2023 environmental coal-tar trees wood

shared by katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23 - No Cached
  • Pine tar is thought to exert its effect by reducing DNA synthesis and mitotic activity, which promotes a return to normal keratinisation. In addition, pine tar has been shown to be antipruritic, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal
  • Topical pine tar has been available over‐the‐counter in Australia since 1953. Today, it is available in various formulations including a gel, lotion, oil, soap‐free bar and solution containing up to 2.3% w/w pine tar
  • There are two kinds of wood tars; made either from trees with a high content of resin (pine and juniper), or from hardwood trees (birch and beech).3 Pine tar (also known as tar, alquitrán vegetal, pix liquida, stockholm tar (in commerce), wood tar, brea de pino, brea vegetal, goudron végétal, nadelholzteer, pix abietinarum, pix pini and pyroleum pini
  • ...31 more annotations...
  • There are two kinds of wood tars; made either from trees with a high content of resin (pine and juniper), or from hardwood trees (birch and beech).3 Pine tar (also known as tar, alquitrán vegetal, pix liquida, stockholm tar (in commerce), wood tar, brea de pino, brea vegetal, goudron végétal, nadelholzteer, pix abietinarum, pix pini and pyroleum pini
  • is obtained by high temperature carbonisation of pine wood from various trees of the family Pinaceae in anoxic conditions (dry distillation or destructive distillation)
  • is obtained by high temperature carbonisation of pine wood from various trees of the family Pinaceae in anoxic conditions (dry distillation or destructive distillation)
  • empyreumatic
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      smokey or burnt odor
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      smokey or burnt odor
  • empyreumatic
  • Although pine tar has been used for the treatment of various skin diseases for thousands of years, its mechanism of action is poorly understood and has been extrapolated from studies performed using coal tar.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      Why is it hard to understand the mechanisms behind how pine tar works?
  • This promotes a return to normal keratinisation, which is important in skin diseases such as psoriasis
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      No kidding.
  • carcinogenic
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      Potential to cause cancer
  • antipruritic
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      It can relieve itching
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      It can relieve itching
  • antipruritic
  • Fractionation of pine tar has revealed that the components responsible for its bacteriostatic properties are the resin acids,14 and that acetovanillone, 1,1′,3,3′‐tetraoxo‐2,2′‐bicyclopentyl and its 4‐methyl derivative,
  • Fractionation of pine tar has revealed that the components responsible for its bacteriostatic properties are the resin acids,14 and that acetovanillone, 1,1′,3,3′‐tetraoxo‐2,2′‐bicyclopentyl and its 4‐methyl derivative,
  • as well as another unknown compound,
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      If they know that there is another component that is responsible for how pine tar works, why haven't they found it yet?
  • as well as another unknown compound,
  • proliferation
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      the rapid growth of multiple cells.
  • Sensitivity to pine tar.18 Pre‐existing folliculitis or severe acne are also possible contraindications.19
  • In terms of pharmacokinetics, it has been observed by infrared spectroscopy that pine tar is detectable in the skin 1 h following the topical application of 12% pine tar to the skin, but was undetectable in the skin after 8 h
  • Thus it can reasonably be assumed that pine tar lacks significant carcinogenic activity.23 Further, pine tar used in the manufacture of topical pine tar products available in Australia today has been found not to be carcinogenic by the Ames test (unpublished data, Ego Pharmaceuticals), and is not classified as a carcinogen
  • Thus it can reasonably be assumed that pine tar lacks significant carcinogenic activity.23 Further, pine tar used in the manufacture of topical pine tar products available in Australia today has been found not to be carcinogenic by the Ames test (unpublished data, Ego Pharmaceuticals), and is not classified as a carcinogen
  • Despite the extensive use of medicinal tars, particularly in psoriasis patients, there is no epidemiological evidence that topical tar products, including pine tar, cause cutaneous or internal cancer
  • Despite the extensive use of medicinal tars, particularly in psoriasis patients, there is no epidemiological evidence that topical tar products, including pine tar, cause cutaneous or internal cancer
  • Hypersensitivity reactions for tars are rare, but wood tars are more likely to cause sensitisation than coal tar
  • Hypersensitivity reactions for tars are rare, but wood tars are more likely to cause sensitisation than coal tar
  • It is important to note that the number of positive reactions for wood tars was not significantly greater than those for other common allergens.
  • It is important to note that the number of positive reactions for wood tars was not significantly greater than those for other common allergens.
  • generally a mixture of pine, juniper, birch and beech tars, and therefore the exact tar eliciting the positive reaction is not known.
  • Furthermore, there have been only five cases of adverse events for pine tar reported to the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia since records began in 1971, which included pruritus, rash and dermatitis.
  • Of the 21 patients 19 preferred the pine tar baths due to the attractive green colour and smell
  • pityrosporum
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      A yeast that is associated with dandruff aka ovale
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      A yeast that is associated with dandruff aka ovale
  • Both pine tar and glucocorticosteroid treatments had an almost equally inhibiting effect on the various cellular constituents of allergic inflammation including the influx of T‐cells, eosinophils, and CD1+, RFD1+, IFN‐γ+, and IL‐4+ cells,
  • Both pine tar and glucocorticosteroid treatments had an almost equally inhibiting effect on the various cellular constituents of allergic inflammation including the influx of T‐cells, eosinophils, and CD1+, RFD1+, IFN‐γ+, and IL‐4+ cells,
  • katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
     
    A nice summary about what pine tars are and what they can do.
katherine-medina

Placebo-Controlled Clomipramine Trial for the Treatment of Feather Picking Disorder in ... - 0 views

jcore-reference.highwire.org/...261

birds plumage feathers clomipramime HSR2023 feather-plucking-treatment

shared by katherine-medina on 12 Jul 23 - No Cached
  • Three of the 11 birds improved, and side effects were rare
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 12 Jul 23
       
      Why only three birds?
  • 7 A Congo African grey parrot (Psittacus erythacus) was also treated for feather picking and self-mutilation with clomipramine (4 mg/kg PO q 12 hours), which resulted in an increase in appetite and paradoxical anxiety.28 The dose was ultimately increased (9.5 mg/kg PO q 12 hours), and buspirone (0.5 mg/kg PO q 24 hours) was eventually added. Feather regrowth occurred, and feather picking was adequately controlled 3 months after the final dosage adjustment.
  • Eight of 11 birds treated with clomipramine were considered improved by 6 weeks
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 12 Jul 23
       
      Cool
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • There was no significant correlation between duration of feather picking and reduction in time spent preening from baseline to 6 weeks for the clomipraminetreated birds (r=0.314; P=0.174
  • Clomipramine-treated birds had significantly greater improvement at 6 weeks than at 3 weeks (z= −1.897; P=0.029). Of the eight clomipramine-treated birds that were improved at 6 weeks, seven of them began to improve at 3 weeks.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 12 Jul 23
       
      I do find the results of this experiment interesting as far as the variability of the experiment. It does make me think that clomipramine does not work as well as one might think.
  • One bird that received clomipramine (case no. 11) was worse at 6 weeks, according to both the caregiver and the clinician
  • Approximately 64% of birds treated with clomipramine improved, but only 36% were judged to have substantial improvement.
  • However, the shortest duration of feather picking for birds in this study was 2 months (case no. 10), and this bird’s signs were the only ones to completely resolve during the trial.
  • Self-injurious behaviors in humans, including such varied conditions as trichotillomania, skin picking,
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 12 Jul 23
       
      Maybe one of the reasons for the bird's self mutilation is due to some outside factor.
  • However, results of this trial suggest that clomipramine, at doses higher than those typically used in mammals, may be useful in the treatment regime for feather picking disease in some species of psittacine birds.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 12 Jul 23
       
      I wonder if there is any course of treatment that is similar to clomipramine, but has a higher solution rate.
  • katherine-medina on 12 Jul 23
     
    An article showing that clomipramime can help birds with feather plucking problems. (the results were a little bit over 50% of birds responded to the treatment.)
katherine-medina

Effects of experimental increase in insulin-like growth factor 1 on feather growth rate... - 0 views

journals.biologists.com/...ental-increase-in-insulin-like

birds biology HSR2023 insulin plumage feathers molt

shared by katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23 - No Cached
  • In mammals, IGF-1 also induces the proliferation of hair follicles and inhibits apoptosis, and therefore helps to keep them longer in the active (so-called anagen) phase and delay their transition to the regressive (catagen) phase
  • while a recently published study indicated a positive relationship between plumage quality, feather vane length and IGF-1 in a passerine species
  • Detailed quantification of the moulting stage was achieved by scoring the moult of the primary wing feathers and tail feathers on a scale of 0–5, using the standard protocol for recording the progress of feather growth as suggested by the British Trust for Ornithology and further described in
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
       
      I had no idea one could predict when a bird will molt.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • As a result, 2 weeks after treatment, IGF-1-treated birds were in a more advanced stage of moult than controls
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
       
      Interesting
  • In the longer term, IGF-1 treatment altered the intensity of moult: 2 weeks after treatment, control birds were moulting fewer feathers than at the start of the experiment, while IGF-1-treated birds showed the opposite pattern and increased the number of feathers being moulted simultaneously, albeit with substantial individual variation
  • We manipulated IGF-1 levels using an injection of poly-(lactic-co-glycolid acid) (PLGA) microspheres prepared by S.V.-K. and B.A.G. as described previousl
  • For example, stressors may cause a decrease in circulating IGF-1 levels (Tóth et al., 2018), and it may not be beneficial if that would affect the growth rate or the size of the developing flight feathers.
  • The fact that the growth of the tail feathers was also unaffected by the manipulation is more surprising as they are sexually selected ornaments in this species
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
       
      Wow, I wonder why it had no effect on the growth of the tail feathers.
  • espite the robust lack of effect on feather growth speed, IGF-1 treatment maintained or even increased the number of feathers moulted simultaneously within 2 weeks, while the number of simultaneously growing feathers dropped in controls within the same period
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
       
      Cool
  • In contrast to hair, the number of feather follicles that produce wing and tail feathers is small and shows no variation within species
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
       
      I had no idea.
  • Some species, however, moult several wing and tail feathers simultaneously, which also applies to the bearded reedling
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
       
      Why do some species of birds molt more feathers at the same time than others.
  • . Protein synthesis in tissues, for example, is partly promoted by and regulated through IGF-1 and this might also be of importance during the growth of feathers, in particular considering the increased demand for proteins during moulting
  • The interaction of corticosterone and IGF-1 has been suggested to predict fitness in growing songbirds (Lodjak et al., 2016). Corticosterone levels are known to have a seriously detrimental effect on growing feathers
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
       
      How does corticosterone and IGF-1 interact?
  • katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
     
    A study about the effect of insulin on the growth of feathers.
Sean Nash

Race car drivers tend to blink at the same places in each lap - 4 views

www.sciencenews.org/...ula-one-race-car-drivers-blink

ArduinoScienceJournal app driving blinking vision research potential research idea biology engineering HSR HSR-2023 science statistical analysis car auto safety civilengineering blink

shared by Sean Nash on 25 May 23 - No Cached
izzy kelly liked it
  • The world goes dark for about one-fifth of a second every time you blink, a fraction of an instant that’s hardly noticeable to most people. But for a Formula One race car driver traveling up to 354 kilometers per hour, that one-fifth means almost 20 meters of lost vision
  • People are often thought to blink at random intervals, but researchers found that wasn’t the case for three Formula drivers.
  • the drivers tended to blink at the same parts of the course during each lap, cognitive neuroscientist Ryota Nishizono and colleagues report in the May 19 iScience
    • Sean Nash
      Sean Nash on 25 May 23
       
      Interesting. So, do we do the same thing while driving around town? Could you design a method to record eye blinks as people drive known routes around town? We could simultaneously use the Arduino Science Journal app on the iPhone to also correlate physical data in a moving car like acceleration/deceleration, motion in X, Y, Z directions, etc. I wonder if we could find a correlation in everyday driving that could help from a safety perspective?
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • He was surprised to find almost no literature on blinking behavior in active humans even though under extreme conditions like motor racing or cycling
    • Sean Nash
      Sean Nash on 25 May 23
       
      OK, now this SCREAMS: "potential research idea."
  • Nishizono and colleagues mounted eye trackers on the helmets of three drivers and had them drive three Formula circuits
  • Where the drivers blinked was surprisingly predictable, the team found. The drivers had a shared pattern of blinking that had a strong connection with acceleration, such that drivers tended not to blink while changing speed or direction — like while on a curve in the track — but did blink while on relatively safer straightaways.
    • Sean Nash
      Sean Nash on 25 May 23
       
      What sort of implications does this have for driving in key, known, busy interchanges in KC? Could we potentially provide data to show certain stretches of highway need more signage, etc? That could have civil engineering implications.
  • “We think of blinking as this nothing behavior,” he says, “but it’s not just wiping the eyes. Blinking is a part of our visual system.”
  • Nishizono next wants to explore what processes in the brain allow or inhibit blinking in a given moment, he says, and is also interested in how blinking behavior varies among the general population.
    • Sean Nash
      Sean Nash on 25 May 23
       
      While the "brain" part might move beyond our feasibility, the potential of finding real correlations to driving patterns or routes is a completely different spin-off and one that could have really practical suggestive applications for city planners, etc.
katherine-medina

Peptidomimetic antibiotics disrupt the lipopolysaccharide transport bridge of drug-resi... - 0 views

www.science.org/...sciadv.adg3683

bacteria-killing HSR2023 peptide drug-resistant thanatin

shared by katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23 - No Cached
  • Recently, naturally occurring peptides were proposed to interfere with the function of proteins constituting the lipopolysaccharide
  • periplasmic
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
       
      The space in between the inner and outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria
  • Thanatin, a 21–amino acid defense peptide isolated from the gut of the hemipteran insect Podisus maculiventris (18), exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
       
      I wonder what other peptides do so as well?
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • We hypothesized that thanatin mainly acts as a competitive inhibitor of the protein-protein interactions mediating the Lpt bridge assembly
  • Thanatin, however, is not a suitable drug candidate for further development due to poor drug-like properties and rapid emergence of resistance
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
       
      Why/How does thanatin have poor drug-like properties?
  • β-jellyroll
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
       
      structure found in proteins
  • Here, we introduce thanatin-derived synthetic macrocyclic peptides found after a substantial medicinal chemistry effort.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
       
      Essentially they synthetically created it
  • Development of resistance against thanatin was observed after 1 day of passaging in both E. coli and K. pneumoniae and is characterized by a spontaneous FOR of 1.2 × 10−6 for E. coli at 4× MIC
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
       
      That is kinda scary to think about
  • genome sequencing of a diverse panel of thanatin-resistant strains confirmed on-target modifications on LptA as the main resistance determinant in E. coli and K. pneumoniae.
  • The attractive in vitro and in vivo profile of these new antibiotics, coupled with their novel mechanism of action, showing no cross-resistance to standard of care antibiotics, may provide clinicians with additional treatment options to fight AMR, either in combination with SoC or as stand-alone antibiotics.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
       
      It is interesting to look around that these other methods that can fight off bacteria.
  • katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
     
    An article showing a new class of antibiotics known as a peptidomimetic antibiotic.
prishabpatel

Melatonin and its relationship to plant hormones | Annals of Botany | Oxford Academic - 2 views

academic.oup.com/...4560814

HSR-2023 botany biology

shared by prishabpatel on 24 Aug 23 - No Cached
Sean Nash liked it
  • Sean Nash on 24 Aug 23
     
    This is super interesting to me... both the content itself AND the fact that this is not far from feasible for an advanced HS study. Phytohormones: FASCINATING, accessible, relatively easy to apply, and the immediate question is... is it measurable? We can certainly measure the effects of applied plant hormones simply by recording the growth and development data of the plants we apply them to. What this article gets at (from a VERY brief SKIM) is the need to measure increases of hormones levels INSIDE plant tissue. Now, this is something that requires sophistication beyond what we have a BLHS. However, it might be able to be detected by NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), HPLC (high-pressure liquid chromatography), or IR spectroscopy. If we know exactly what we're looking for in plant specimens/samples, and we ask super professionally, perhaps we could get the chem department at UMKC to help us use the right tool for the job to detect and measure these things.
Sean Nash

Health Effects from Swimming Training in Chlorinated Pools and the Corresponding Metabo... - 4 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4351252

swimming chlorine mice-experimenting HSR2023 blood liver pools

shared by Sean Nash on 13 Jul 23 - No Cached
  • Numerous epidemiological publications have associated the chlorination of pools with dysfunctions of the respiratory system and with some other diseases
  • Therefore, the health effects from swimming in chlorinated pools and the corresponding stress reactions in organisms are unclear. In this study, we show that although the growth and behaviors of experimental rats were not affected, their health, training effects and metabolic profiles were significantly affected by a 12-week swimming training program in chlorinated water identical to that of public pools.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      This may prove to be a concerning fact that myself and others on the swim team swim rather consistently.
  • The epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects from swimming in chlorinated water primarily originate from studies concerning respiratory function and asthma, althoughVillanueva et al. reported a significant increased risk of bladder cancer for swimmers compared with nonswimmers [5].
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      Kinda scary to think about the fact that swimming could be hurting my lungs.
    • Sean Nash
      Sean Nash on 13 Jul 23
       
      OK... this is all a very rare and interesting topic to me. I've never considered it. Of course, in thinking a bout this as a HS research topic, the fact that it centers around humans... is a feasibility issue. However, what sort of invertebrate models could we use in place? Would we be able to detect DBPs?
  • ...24 more annotations...
  • Interestingly, the eyes and skin are the organs that are more directly affected than the lungs by the irritants in chlorinated water; instead of chlorination, training intensity, training frequency and choking on water may be the primary factors for lung damage induced by swimming.
  • Therefore, the health effects from swimming in chlorinated pools and the corresponding stress reactions occurring in our bodies are unclear
  • he water for the EG was purified using a water purifier and then disinfected using calcium hypochlorite, similar to public swimming pools, whereas the water for the CG was only purified, not chlorinate
  • In fact, similar symptoms, red and swollen eyes, dried skin and nasal mucosal congestion, always appear after humans swim in a chlorinated pool; however, the long-term (12 weeks) and high-frequency (5 days a week) of the experimental swimming training caused even worse symptoms in these experimental rats.
  • however, some unusual appearance changes appeared in the EG rats.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      EG rats had the exposure of a public level of chlorine.
  • First, the skin around their eyes became increasingly red with the development of the experiment, and in the ending period of the experiment, bloodstains could be observed in the rims of most rats’ eyes.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      Wow.
  • Third, their fur became increasingly dry and lackluster, and significant signs of hair loss were observed during the last month.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      This doesn't sound good.
  • These results indicated that the fur, respiratory tracts and eyes of the EG rats were severely affected by chlorinated water, although their growth was essentially unaffected. According to our observations, the daily behaviors and sizes of the EG rats were normal, and their final body weights were even slightly heavier than those weights of the control group. Nevertheless, dried and lackluster fur, hair removal, bloody noses and eyes did occur in the EG rats and not to the CG rats.
  • A meta-analysis performed by Goodman et al. demonstrated that the association between asthma and swimming could only be confirmed among competitive swimmers and could not be confirmed among non-competitive swimmers
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      SO competitive swimmers are the ones with an association of asthma and pool water.
  • Additionally, an interesting phenomenon was observed by comparing the development of the bloody noses and bloody eyes. The bloody noses commonly appeared in the third and in the fourth week; however, approximately two weeks later, this symptom gradually disappeared. The significantly bloody eyes commonly appeared in the ending period of the experiment; however, this problem was becoming worse during the study, and no signs of improvement appeared. The bloody noses appeared first, suggesting that respiratory tracts may be more vulnerable to the irritants from the chlorinated water than eyes; the gradually disappearing symptom suggests that respiratory tracts may have some adaptability to chlorinated water possibly because of the protection from nasal mucous. In contrast, without the mucosal protection, the bloody eyes were becoming increasingly significant during the entire experiment, although this symptom appeared later than the bloody noses.
  • The duration period from the entry into water until the rats reached exhaustion was significantly shorter for the EG rats compared with the CG rats (29.74±11.50 vs. 39.15±9.85 minutes, p<0.05)
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      Rats in chlorine swam ten minutes less on average.
  • Three rats from the EG were found liver damage, indicating that the positive rate reached 18 percen
  • or instance, Tumasonis et al. reported that a significantly increased incidence of hepatic neoplastic nodules in female rats and a significantly increased incidence of hepatic adenofibrosis in both male and female rats were induced by the chronic ingestion of chloroform [15].
  • Representative hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E, 400×) of liver sections.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      The liver literally changed between the two groups.
  • . We suppose that the primary differences between the competitive swimmers and non-competitive swimmers are training intensity and frequency, not the pool water.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      An interesting theory, but I wonder if it has been proved.
  • The first three principal components (PCs) explain 57.3% of the total variance of the raw data and are sufficient to present the differences between the EG and the CG
  • In Fig. 3, we can see that the majority of the differences between the EG and the CG are explained by PC 1 and PC 3.
  • which suggests that the 12-week swimming training in chlorinated water induced a significant change in the metabolic profiles of the experimental group rats.
  • As an antioxidant, taurine can directly scavenge hypochlorous acid (HClO) and prevents changes in membrane permeability due to oxidative impairment
  • Hippurate is an inhibitor of glucose utilization in the muscle and in the kidneys, an inhibitor of glucose utilization in the kidneys and in the liver, a modulator of fatty acid metabolism, and a stimulator of ammoniagenesis
  • Chlorine is a necessary element for our bodies, and nontoxic.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      I did not know that.
  • In summary, the 12-week swimming training in chlorinated pool water did induce some disease symptoms, an impairment of training effects and a significant change in the metabolic profiles, although the growth and behaviors of the experimental animals were not affected
  • Thus, the eyes and skin might be the organs that require greater attention for permanent damage.
  • Symptoms found in the liver and lung sections indicate that the liver is most likely the most possible target organ of DBPs, and training intensity, training frequency and water choking may be the primary factors for lung damage induced by swimming, instead of chlorination. The result of the swimming capacity test showed that training effects were significant affected by chlorinated water through perturbing the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
  • katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
     
    A really cool article about how chlorine can affect the bodies of mice. (An article I will never be able to forget about due to it being similar to my situation.)
  • Sean Nash on 13 Jul 23
     
    A really cool article about how chlorine can affect the bodies of mice. (An article I will never be able to forget about due to it being similar to my situation.)
Sean Nash

Learning in Plants: Lessons from Mimosa pudica - 4 views

www.frontiersin.org/...full

Mimosa learning plants botany research SCI-I science student lab potential research idea biology HSR HSR-2023

shared by Sean Nash on 23 Jun 23 - No Cached
  • there is a lack of observational data on the behavior of plants
  • Observational research allows the researcher to establish baseline activity and response levels of the subject
  • Perhaps the first study of learning in plants was a habituation experiment reported by Pfeffer (1873) using the sensitive plant Mimosa. In this experiment, repeated mechanical stimulation of leaflets led to a decrease in sensitivity
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • the question naturally arises as to whether Mimosa can discriminate between stimuli. This was answered in the affirmative by Holmes and Gruenberg (1965) whose experimental design included a drop of water and finger touch as stimuli
  • the results suggest that Mimosa can discriminate between stimuli
  • Thomas performed an experiment on classical conditioning in Mimosa that took advantage of the finding that, under field conditions, the leaflets of Mimosa slowly drop as dusk approaches and slowly rise at dawn (personal communication). In the experiment, the CS was turning on the light in the growth chamber and the US was touching selected leaflets. Thomas found that leaflets in the paired condition showed conditioning compared to a light only or alternating stimulation condition. This finding should be replicated with controls for pseudoconditioning.
  • Given the importance of the Gagliano et al. (2014) experiment and the failure to replicate some previous experimental results it is critical that the Gagliano et al. (2014) results be repeated by an independent laboratory.
  • In addition to Mimosa, habituation has been found in the carnivorous plant Drosera (sundew
  • Applewhite (1975) cites an experiment by Darwin reportedly showing habituation in the passion flower (Passiflora gracilis). During this experiment, when Darwin mechanically stimulated the passion flower tendrils, the tendrils no longer responded after 54 h of training.
  • Abramson et al. (2002) investigated the use of bioelectrical potentials as a method to explore plant behavior.
  • In an interesting article, Karpinski and Szechynska-Hebda (2010) discuss the intellect of plants from memory to intelligence. By studying recall, the researcher investigates a host of independent variables and that are solidly anchored to a set of dependent variables. This study focused on recall at the cellular level rather than as an externally observable behavior. The discussion of plant learning at various levels, from cellular to organismal and from different scientific fields is exactly what is advocated for in this article
  • There is also interest from behavioral scientists seeking to determine whether the similarities and differences in learning found among invertebrates and vertebrates could also be found in plants (Warden et al., 1940; Applewhite, 1975; Abramson et al., 2002; Guiguet, 2013).
  • The majority of early plant studies used the Sensitive plant (M. pudica). Mimosa has much to recommend it for learning studies. They are easy to maintain, much is known about its natural history, and they have a visible leaf closure response to external stimuli. However, there are drawbacks in the use of Mimosa, for example, it takes about 15 min for a leaf to recover (Holmes and Gruenberg, 1965) and not much is known about its genome in contrast to model species such as Arabidopsis thaliana whose entire genome is known.
  • In the following section we will focus on methods to develop studies utilizing habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning techniques. Instrumental and operant conditioning will not be covered because at this time there are no Mimosa studies in these areas; although one can envision a situation where the opening and closing of a leaf can be detected electronically. Once detected, the response would produce a consequence such as an airpuff or changes in light intensity.
    • Sean Nash
      Sean Nash on 23 Jun 23
       
      The remainder of this comprehensive article is to outline the main lines of research in this area:
  • Learning in Plants: Lessons from Mimosa pudica
    • Sean Nash
      Sean Nash on 23 Jun 23
       
      This well-compiled article does a really nice job of outlining the history of study regarding plant behavior. It also suggests model organisms for study. Mimosa is a favorite of mine as their response is VERY rapid and quite visible for a plant! There are all sorts of feasible project ideas that could arise from this area of research.
ryleighnyp

BMED010 - Natural and Commercial Moisturizers on Skin Model | Regeneron ISEF 2023 - 2 views

projectboard.world/...ial-moisturizers-on-skin-model

ISEF fair project

shared by ryleighnyp on 23 May 23 - No Cached
  • ryleighnyp on 23 May 23
     
    This is a good example of data collection, experimental design, and presentation.
katherine-medina

The chemical composition and antioxidant properties of common dandelion leaves compared... - 1 views

cdnsciencepub.com/...cjps-2016-0409

Dandelions environmental antioxidants HSR-2023 botany

shared by katherine-medina on 06 Jun 23 - No Cached
  • sea buckthorn leaves exhibited a significantly higher level of antioxidant activity as measured by ABTS
  • . Dandelion leaves were richer in tocopherols, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin while the sea buckthorn leaves contained higher levels of l-ascorbic acid.
  • aw dandelion are partly related to the antioxidant properties of some of its components;
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 06 Jun 23
       
      Why haven't they done more studies on this specific part about dandelions?
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • The present study will also be helpful with regard to the standardization of bioactive content in plant materials.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 06 Jun 23
       
      Cool, cool, although I was hopping that their goal was something slightly different.
  • polyphenols: flavonoids, isoflavones, anthocyanins, and catechins
  • Sea buckthorn
  • Plants contain small amounts of lead, which may significantly increase when exposed to lead contamination in the soil and air; however, lead was not detected in the examined leaves of dandelion and sea buckthorn.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 06 Jun 23
       
      Did not know that.
  • neutralize ABTS
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 06 Jun 23
       
      So essentially the higher the antioxidant concentration the more the color of the ABTS changes.
  • katherine-medina on 06 Jun 23
     
    This article helped me understand a few of the different antioxidants that dandelions, and sea buckthorn.
katherine-medina

Restoring the activity of the antibiotic aztreonam using the polyphenol epigallocatechi... - 0 views

www.microbiologyresearch.org/...jmm.0.001060

pathogen polyphenols green-tea HSR-2023 gram-negative-bacteria

shared by katherine-medina on 21 Jun 23 - No Cached
  • epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 21 Jun 23
       
      Epigallocatechin (EGCG) is a type of catechin or a natural phenol antioxidant. It is commonly found in tea leaves, plums, apple skin, and onions. Sidenote this bacteria is found in green tea
  • However, with resistance increasing against many classes of antibiotic, clinicians often use multiple combinations to treat critically ill patients
  • relatively low toxicity of EGCG to human keratinocytes and G. mellonella larvae.
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • . EGCG was able to restore the activity of aztreonam against MDR P. aeruginosa . The data presented support further evaluation of the aztreonam–EGCG combination and highlight its potential for use in clinical medici
  • Polyphenols
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 21 Jun 23
       
      These are bioactive compounds that are found in fruits and leaves of plants. The main focus of this paper is a type of polyphenol.
  • with EGCG in checkerboard assays, susceptibility increased in P. aeruginosa (n=16, 100%), with the combination proving synergistic in all strains tested
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 21 Jun 23
       
      Wow. for how much it increased the susceptibility.
  • Another option to restore the activity of aztreonam against bacterial strains with multiple resistance mechanisms would be to use polyphenols
  • he results demonstrate that synergy between aztreonam and EGCG exists [fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) 0.02-0.5], with the combination affording significantly (P=<0.05) enhanced bacterial killing, with a >3 log10 reduction in colony-forming units ml−1 at 24 h
  • To access synergy between aztreonam and EGCG, checkerboard assays were performed
  • Chemicals, media, bacterial isolates and animals
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 21 Jun 23
       
      Really important to look back at these methods because even though it may not be feasible for me to do an experiment like this one, it still has valuable information for me to look at.
  • Synergy was also found between EGCG and the third-generation cephalosporin, cefotaxime
  • with scores of 64 and 56 out of a maximum of 64 for strains PA2 and PA6, respectively.
  • the increased activity may also be due to the inhibition of the non-mevalonate pathway, resulting in increased susceptibility to aztreonam.
  • Overall, the G. mellonella assays demonstrated that the aztreonam–EGCG combination was superior to monotherapy with either agent against every isolate tested, with significantly lower larval mortality rates
  • In conclusion, the results from this study demonstrate that synergy exists between aztreonam and EGCG against MDR clinical strains of P. aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo. EGCG is also able to restore the antibacterial activity of aztreonam to concentrations below the EUCAST susceptibility breakpoint for P. aeruginosa , potentially expanding and extending its useful therapeutic lifespan. Further work should be undertaken to determine if this combination has the potential to treat clinical infections caused by MDR P. aeruginosa .
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 21 Jun 23
       
      My final thought for this article is as follows: 1. This brings up a very interesting topic for me to dig into (polyphenols & antibiotics)
  • katherine-medina on 21 Jun 23
     
    A gateway article for me to further my search into the scientific realm involving polyphenols that aid antibiotics.
katherine-medina

Increased 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate in Alzheimer's disease brain is associated with ... - 1 views

www.science.org/...sciadv.adf6232

Alzheimer's-disease Research-idea brain HSR-2023 Human

shared by katherine-medina on 27 May 23 - No Cached
  • Genetic factors contribute substantially to the pathological process of AD as demonstrated by the fact that the genetic heritability in AD is in the range of between 60 and 80% (10).
  • however, whether the variants alter the level of 3-OST-1 enzyme activity to change the structure of HS remains unknown
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 27 May 23
       
      Good to note what exactly the article remains unsure about
  • The synthesis of additional 13C-labeled calibrants to cover these three reported 3-O-sulfated tetrasaccharides will be the subject for future study.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 27 May 23
       
      LOOK INTO THIS PART CAYSE THEY ARE SAYING THAT THEY ARE NOT FULLY SURE
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • the elevation of total HS and the percentage of the 3-O-sulfated domain in HS.
  • HS and tau revealed that the sugar mainly interacts with the proline-rich region 2, a repeat domain 2 in tau protein
  • Further analysis of the distribution of 3-O-sulfated HS from different areas of AD brains will be of interest and the subject for a subsequent study.
  • Experimental design
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 27 May 23
       
      READ THIS IF THIS TOPIC COMES BACK UP AGAIN
  • katherine-medina on 27 May 23
     
    A interesting study about a sulfate that suggests that Alzheimer's is genetic
katherine-medina

Plants | Free Full-Text | Expression of a Stilbene Synthase Gene from the Vitis labrusc... - 0 views

www.mdpi.com/770

polyphenols stilbene plants polyphenol-transfer HSR-2023 botany tobacco grapes

shared by katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23 - No Cached
  • Stilbenes are found in plants of different families, but the best studied stilbene is resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) isolated from grape plants.
  • Resveratrol synthesis in transgenic plants did not always render them fully resistant to one or another pathogen.
  • The aim of our investigation was to isolate a VlvSTS stilbene synthase gene from the hybrid grape V. labrusca x V. vinifera L. and obtain transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing the gene to study their resistance to a number of bacterial and fungal pathogens, among them bacteria as E. carotovora and fungi as B. cinerea, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. culmorum.
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • Based on the results of the VlvSTS gene transcription analysis, seven transgenic tobacco lines were selected for further experiments.
  • by PCR. F
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      PCR is a method with which scientists are able to amplify a gene
  • Expression of the VlvSTS gene in tobacco plants led to a significant increase in the pollen grain size, but with a tendency to a decrease in the total number of pollen grains per anther
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      Too much of that gene leads to a decrease of fertility.
  • In all tests with E. carotovora bacteria, transgenic plants expressing the VlvSTS gene demonstrated a significantly higher resistance versus control plants
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      interesting
  • The leaf involvement was significantly smaller in transgenic plants expressing the VlvSTS gene.
  • Overexpression of the VlvSTS gene reduced the corolla pigmentation in transgenic plants.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      Why did the overexpression of that gene reduce the corolla pgmentation.
  • binary vector
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      like a DNA transfer
  • showed a significant fertility reduction,
  • For the first time it was shown that plants expressing the VlvSTS gene had enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen E. carotovora subsp. carotovora B15.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      Interesting that it took this long for it to be shown that this specific stilbene can fight against certain pathogens.
  • Interestingly, resistance correlated with the expression level of the stilbene synthase gene. In plants with a higher gene expression (L10 and L23), the area of Erwinia-caused leaf damage was in a range from 0 to 40% respect to the control, while the leaves of line L24 were affected up to 60–100%.
  • hile in transgenic lines, the lysis areas were significantly smaller, probably due to the synthesis of the phytoalexin resveratrol.
  • Some studies showed that Arabidopsis plants transformed with wild grape stilbene synthase genes responded to a pathogen attack by activating genes responsible for the synthesis of signaling molecules such as salicylic and jasmonic acids (SA and JA, respectively) [
  • Our data show a decrease in the total flavonoid content in the flower petals but not in the leaves of plants upon expression of the VlvSTS gene.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      That seems rather odd.
  • We were the first to show that transgenic tobacco plants carrying the VlvSTS gene had a significantly larger pollen grain size and a smaller number of pollen grains per anther. At the same time, the number of fertile pollen grains decreased, especially in the plant line with the highest expression of the VlvSTS gene.
  • For example, in apple plants with the grape stilbene synthase gene Vst1 under its own promoter, the expression of the gene had no effect on pollen development
  • The study showed that the expression of a VlvSTS stilbene syntase gene in tobacco transgenic plants increases their resistance to bacterial pathogen E. carotovora. There was a significant reduction of disease symptoms after infection of leaves by grey mould fungus B. cinerea, but not to Fusarium fungi. We were the first to show that transgenic tobacco plants carrying the VlvSTS gene had a significantly larger pollen grain size and a smaller number of pollen grains per anther. The number of fertile pollen grains decreased, especially in the plant line with the highest expression of the VlvSTS gene. These changes resulted in a decreased weight of seed bolls in the transgenic tobacco lines.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      Overall, this article is one that I may come back to depending on what path I go down when searching to develop a research topic further.
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