GI is a measure of carbohydrate quality in relation
to glucose availability and is independent of quantity, whereas GL is a measure of the total glycemic effect and hence is
anindicator of the insulin demand of the diet. High-glycemic diets are in fact generally associated with greater insulin secretion
the consumption of large quantities of high-GI foods rather than the consumption of high quantities of carbohydrates
is linked to the development of breast cancer.
Thymidine kinase is a good marker for DNA synthesis and proliferative activity in cancer. Healthy controls had low TK-1 levels. In contrast, advancing stage of disease was associated with increasing TK-1 levels. TK-1 also was useful in following treatment efficacy. Inflammatory GI disease was found have TK-1 levels comparable to "healthy" controls. This is important to be able to differentiate between inflammation and a useful cancer biomarker
Fecal calprotectin is found to be a much better screening test for IBD than colorectal cancer. Though, fecal Calprotectin levels were found to be elevated in colorectal cancer compared to controls, the sensitivity and specificity was low. In contrast, a fecal Calprotectin > 100 mg/g, in this study, was found to be specific and sensitive for IBD and excluding IBS.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a major family of small RNAs, are ∼23 nt-long single strands of RNA that bind to mRNA transcripts to inhibit their translation
A recent study by Zhang et al. reported that plant-derived miRNAs can be found in human serum.
The group demonstrates that the plant miRNA miR168 may be taken up through dietary intake to inhibit the expression of its target low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 in the liver21, providing the first evidence that miRNA in food may influence gene expression in mammalian organs.
A more recent finding by the same group shows that a plant miRNA from honeysuckle is able to inhibit Influenza A replication22, indicating that plant miRNAs may be useful for treating human diseases.
We found that plant miR159 could be detected in human sera and its levels were inversely correlated with BC incidence and progression.
We further identified TCF7 as a mammalian target for miR159 and showed the anti-proliferative function of miR159 in BC cells using in vitro and in vivo models, demonstrating for the first time that a plant miRNA is able to influence BC cell growth.
certain dietary miRNAs from plants and other species may serve as highly affordable and powerful means of treatment with minimal inconvenience to patients.
miR159 which (using a synthetic mimic) targets TCF7 to inhibit the proliferation of cells whose growth is dependent on TCF7 such as the BC cells MDA-MB-231
our study using a BC model clearly indicates the anti-tumor effect of orally administered synthetic miR159 in its naturally existing form with the plant-specific 2'-O-methylation, suggesting the feasibility of using synthetic forms of plant miRNAs as dietary supplements in the treatment of human cancers, including those outside of the GI track
Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in blood
Rapidly proliferating healthy cells (GI epithelium, lymphocytes) or cells under physiologic stress have increased demand for glutamine
Glutamine is transported into cells by one of multiple amino acid transporters (e.g. ASCT2, BOAT2), several of which are thought to be upregulated in cancer cells
it is hydrolyzed to glutamate and ammonia by glutaminase (‘glutaminolysis’)
Glutamate, produced from glutamine by glutaminase and glutamine amidotransferase activities, may be further metabolized to alpha ketoglutarate and provide a carbon skeleton source for the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)
Glutamine-derived glutamate is also involved in the synthesis of the reducing equivalent glutathione, vital to maintaining cellular redox status
Many tumors become largely dependent on glutamine to provide carbon and nitrogen building blocks needed for proliferation
In cancer model systems, Eagle and colleagues first demonstrated tumor cells in culture require supplementation with exogenous glutamine for efficient proliferation
It was subsequently shown that when deprived of glutamine tumor cells undergo apoptosis
The most well-characterized oncogene to regulate glutamine metabolism is MYC (9), which enhances glutaminase expression, upregulates glutamine transporters, and enhances glutamine utilization in energy production and biosynthesis
Other pro-tumorigenic regulators such as KRAS and mTOR, as well as tumor suppressors (p53, VHL) have also been associated with alterations in glutamine metabolism
Tumor cells are highly adaptable and alter nutrient uptake and metabolic networks to resist single agent glutaminase inhibition
cells in the microenvironment of several tumor types upregulate glutamine production, thereby enabling tumor cells to escape glutaminase inhibition
Causes of itching
For men, the cause of the itch can be divided into three groups:
* The "little boy" hygiene is not right:
Men - especially young people - often do not focus or "lazy" to clean the boy.
This bad habit has gradually created an environment for the growth of genital fungi, causing an itching sensation.
Besides, the selection of inappropriate cleaning solutions is also the reason that may be encountered in men.
Some men reported using feminine cleaning solutions or shower gels to "bath" their "boy".
This makes the itching condition more and more because the nature of the feminine hygiene solution is not suitable for his small skin, so it can easily lead to skin irritation, even leading to a disorder of the skin and creating favorable conditions for mushroom growth.