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Thymidine kinase is a good marker for DNA synthesis and proliferative activity in cancer. Healthy controls had low TK-1 levels. In contrast, advancing stage of disease was associated with increasing TK-1 levels. TK-1 also was useful in following treatment efficacy. Inflammatory GI disease was found have TK-1 levels comparable to "healthy" controls. This is important to be able to differentiate between inflammation and a useful cancer biomarker

Thymidine kinase 1 useful as a prognostic biomarker and to monitor therapy efficacy. TK-1 levels were very low in those without cancer. Higher TK-1 levels pretreatment were associated with poor prognosis and poor survival. TK-1 "increases with progress of the disease, decreases during successful therapy, and finally increases during relapse.