The relationship of low testosterone to MetS often is considered to be bidirectional; however, the relationships probably are not direct
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 02 Mar 15
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Testosterone and metabolic syndrome Cunningham GR - Asian J Androl - 0 views
www.ajandrology.com/article.asp
Testosterone metabolic syndrome MetS TT total Testosterone SHBG men male hormone hormones Estradiol insulin resistance
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 02 Mar 15
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Many of the components of the MetS are recognized risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD)
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Multiple cross-sectional studies have found low TT and low sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels in Caucasian and African-American men with the MetS, irrespective of age
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Low TT and SHBG levels also are prevalent in Chinese [7],[8] and Korean [9] men with the MetS
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Normally 40%-50% of TT is bound to SHBG, so reducing SHBG levels will decrease TT.
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Hyperinsulinism suppresses SHBG synthesis and secretion by the liver
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significant increase in SHBG levels occurred after acutely lowering insulin levels in obese men
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Estradiol levels are increased in men with the MetS, and they are positively correlated with the number of abnormal components of the MetS.
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Although it is known that estrogen will increase SHBG levels, apparently the hyperinsulinism associated with obesity has a greater effect on SHBG levels
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Estradiol also can inhibit luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion
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Inflammatory cytokines are thought to have a direct effect on the pituitary to reduce LH secretion [15] and also a direct effect on Leydig cell secretion of testosterone
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Low TT Levels have been shown to predict development of the MetS in men with normal BMI
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Men in the lowest quartiles of serum TT, calculated free testosterone (cFT) and SHBG at baseline had the highest odds ratios for developing the MetS or DM during the 11 years follow-up
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More recently, investigators conducting population-based studies have reported that only SHBG is associated with future development of the MetS
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Additional evidence that low TT increases the risk of MetS comes from androgen deprivation treatment of prostate cancer
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Low TT and low bioavailable testosterone (bT) were each significantly associated with elevated 20 years risk of CVD mortality in an older population in which cause-specific mortality was age, adiposity, and lifestyle-adjusted.
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combination of low bT and ATP III-defined MetS is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in men aged 40 years and above
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in elderly men, testosterone may weakly protect against CVD. Alternatively, low TT may indicate poor general health
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Muraleedharan and Jones [27] concluded that there is convincing evidence that low T is a biomarker for disease severity and mortality.
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The evidence that TRT improves insulin sensitivity and glucose control is conflicted
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It is widely recognized that testosterone treatment can reduce fat mass and increase lean body mass; however, until recently most reports have not been associated with much weight loss
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Changes in body composition and weight loss are considered potential mechanisms by which testosterone treatment improves insulin sensitivity and glucose control in patients with diabetes. Effects on inflammatory cytokines [38] and changes in oxidative metabolism [39] also have been reported to improve glucose metabolism.
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Testosterone replacement therapy has been reported to improve some or all of the components of the MetS.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 07 Apr 15
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Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: Critical... - 0 views
www.sciencedirect.com/...S0899900714003323
carbohydrate restriction carbohydrates metabolic syndrome diabetes nutrition diet
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 07 Apr 15
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Carb restriction is still the best single intervention for metabolic syndrome and diabetes. This article reviews the evidence.
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http://chrisbeatcancer.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/contribution-of-chemotherapy-to-5... - 0 views
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This study from 2004 reveals the marketing-based medicine era that we live in. This meta-analysis of studies conducted for 5 year survival benefit found the contribution of chemotherapy was 2.3% in Australia and 2.1% in America. The authors conclusion: "it is clear that cytotoxic chemotherapy only makes a minor contribution to cancer survival". Compare this to the chemotherapy harm and the balance of benefit versus harm reveals a complete lack of evidence with regards to how therapy is practiced in Cancer
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 14 Nov 13
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The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2701485
hypogonadism Low T Testosterone male hormone hormones men therapy
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 14 Nov 13
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Benefits and risks of testosterone therapy discussed. This study gives a brief history of hypogonadism, highlights the different therapeutic techniques. Most important, is the evidence based positive effects and side effects. The majority of the side effects occurs through overdosing and the physiologic dysfunction that occurs in these men's micronenvironments.
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John James a New Evidence Based Estimate of Patient Harms 2013 (1) - 0 views
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Truly horrifying statistic not reported anywhere. Hospital care has been associated with > 400,000 deaths annually. The third leading cause of death is medical therapies/treatments.
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Evidence that calcium supplements reduce fracture ... [Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010] - P... - 0 views
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Until well designed, well executed, and well analyzed studies demonstrate a net benefit in morbidity, mortality, and cost, recommendations supporting the widespread use of calcium supplementation remain belief-based and not evidence-based
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contrary to current thought, well designed studies that support Calcium supplementation to reduce fracture risk does not exist
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Dehydroepiandrosterone for women in the peri- or postmenopausal phase. - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views
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Supporting evidence for DHEA improvement for women is mixed and minimal. Full article is not available so the question as whether a need was indicated based on testing is not available. Side effects were seen with DHEA--primarily acne.
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Late Disseminated Lyme Disease: Associated Pathology and Spirochete Persistence Post-Tr... - 0 views
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In this study, we have demonstrated microscopic pathology ranging from minimal to moderate in multiple different tissues previously reported to be involved with LD, including the nervous system (central and peripheral), heart, skeletal muscle, joint-associated tissues, and urinary bladder 12 to 13 months following tick-inoculation of rhesus macaques by Bb strain B31
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Based on histomorphology, inflammation consisted predominantly of lymphocytes and plasma cells, with rare scattered histiocytes
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in rare instances, morphologically intact spirochetes were observed in inflamed brain and heart tissue sections from doxycycline-treated animals
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colocalization of the Bb 23S rRNA probe was not observed in any of the sections of experimental inoculated animals shown to harbor rare persistent spirochetes (Supplemental Figure S1). Previous in vitro work has shown large decreases in Bb rRNA levels when in a stationary phase of growth despite the majority of spirochetes remaining viable
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The possibility that the spirochetes were intact but dead also exists, though this may be unlikely given the precedence for viable but non-cultivable B. burgdorferi post-treatment
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The doxycycline dose utilized in this study (5mg/kg) was based on a previous pharmacokinetic analysis of oral doxycycline in rhesus macaques proven to be comparable to levels achieved in humans and was meant to mimic treatment of disseminated LD
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In addition to the brain of two treated animals, rare morphologically intact spirochetes immunoreactive to OspA were observed in the heart of one treated animal
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Although we did not measure the doxycycline levels in the cerebrospinal fluid, they have been found to be 12% to 15% of the amount measured in serum
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We and others have demonstrated the development of a drug-tolerant persister population when B. burgdorferi are treated with antibiotics in vitro
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The adoption of a dormant or slow-growing phenotype likely allows the spirochetes to survive and re-grow following removal of antibiotic
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The basic premise that antibiotic tolerance may be an adaptation of the sophisticated stringent response required for the enzootic cycle by the spirochetes is described in a recent review as well
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Although current IDSA guidelines recommend intravenous ceftriaxone (2g daily for 30 days) over oral doxycycline for treatment of neuroborreliosis, a randomized clinical trial failed to show any enhanced efficacy of I.V. penicillin G to oral doxycycline for treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis (no treatment failures were reported in this study of 54 patients).
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we can speculate that the minimal to moderate inflammation that was observed, especially within the CNS and PNS can, in part, explain the breadth of symptoms experienced by late stage Lyme disease patients, such as cognitive impairment and neuralgia.
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Erythema migrans, the clinical hallmark of early localized Lyme disease, was observed in one of the rhesus macaques from this study.
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In 2014, a trailblazing study in mice demonstrated a dramatic decline in B. burgdorferi DNA in the tissues for up to eight months after antibiotic treatment followed by the resurgence of B. burgdorferi growth 12 months after treatment
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This study provides evidence that the slow-growing spirochetes which persist after treatment, but are not cultivable in standard growth media may remain viable.
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The first well-documented indication of Lyme disease (LD) in the United States occurred in the early 1970s
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Lyme, Connecticut.
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Lyme disease is now known to be caused by multiple closely related genospecies classified within the Bb sensu lato complex, representing the most common tick-borne human disease in the Northern Hemisphere
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approximately 30,000 physician-reported cases occur annually in the United States, the annual incidence has been estimated to be 10-fold higher by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.6
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Current antibiotic therapy guidelines outlined by the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) are successful in the treatment of LD for the majority of LD patients, especially when administered early in disease immediately following identification of erythema migrans (EM)
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‘post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome’ (PTLDS)
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host-adapted spirochetes that persist in the tissues, probably in small numbers, inaccessible or impervious to antibiotic
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inflammatory responses to residual antigens from dead organisms
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residual tissue damage following pathogen clearance;
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autoimmune responses, possibly elicited by antigenic mimicry
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Experimental studies on immunocompetent mice, dogs, and rhesus macaques have provided evidence for the persistence of Bb spirochetes subsequent to antibiotic treatment in the form of residual spirochetes detected within tissue by IFA and PCR, and recovered by xenodiagnoses
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Ten male rhesus macaques
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half (five) of the NHP received antibiotic treatment, consisting of 5 mg/kg oral doxycycline twice per day.
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Minimal and focal lymphoplasmacytic inflammation
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inflammation was observed in the leptomeninges overlying a section of temporal cerebral cortex
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Minimal localized lymphoplasmacytic choroiditis
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Peripheral nerves contained minimal to moderate lymphoplasmacytic inflammation with a predilection for collagen-rich epineurium and perivascular spaces
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Inflammation was observed in 56% (5/9) of the NHPs irrespective of treatment group
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For all animals, inflammation was reserved to perineural tissue
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The treatment lasted 28 days
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Minimal to mild lymphoplasmacytic inflammation of either the myocardial interstitium (Figure 2Figure 2A), pericardium (Figure 2Figure 2B), or combination therein was observed in 60% of NHPs
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A single morphologically intact spirochete, as indicated by positive red immunofluorescence (Figure 2Figure 2C), was observed in the myocardium of one treated animal
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mild, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic inflammation was observed in one doxycycline-treated animal
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three animals exhibited minimal to mild lymphoplasmacytic inflammation affecting joint-associated structures
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10% to -20% of human patients treated
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Multiple randomized placebo-controlled studies which evaluated sustained antimicrobial therapy concluded that there is no benefit in alleviating patients’ symptoms and indicated that long-term antibiotic therapy may even be detrimental to patients due to potential associated complications (ie, catheter infection and/or clostridial colitis)
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and the rapid clearance of dead spirochetes in a murine model
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higher doses may be needed to combat neuroborreliosis
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persistent borrelia burgdorferia were found in the brain (2) and the heart (1) up to 13 months post standard antibiotic treatment suggesting borrelia burdorferia, the cause of Lyme, can persist in a chronic, persistant state poste acute treatment.
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shared by pharmacybiz on 28 Feb 22
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Pharmacy Covid Vaccinators Saved 20k Lives Up To Autumn 2021 - 0 views
www.pharmacy.biz/-20000-lives-up-to-autumn-2021
Community-pharmacy-COVID-vaccination pharmacy-business Pharmacies-offering-Covid-vaccine-UK Local-pharmacy-COVID-vaccination Pharmacists-Covid-vaccine-UK
shared by pharmacybiz on 28 Feb 22
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Community pharmacies saved nearly 20,000 lives up to autumn 2021 by vaccinating people against the Covid-19, the National Pharmacy Association said based on a National Audit Office (NAO) report released on Friday (February 25). The report, having taken evidence from the NPA, highlighted that community pharmacies and GPs performed far beyond expectations in delivering the Covid-19 vaccine, as 71 per cent of jabs were administered by both healthcare providers till October-end, against an initial assumption of 56 per cent. The report cited UK Health Security Agency figures, which estimated that the programme overall prevented up to 128,000 deaths and 262,000 hospitalisations by September 24 and September 19, respectively. The estimated number is considerably higher, given the pivotal role played by pharmacies in this winter's phase of the vaccination programme, the NPA stated.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 16 Oct 12
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Salivary Sex Hormone Measurement in a National, Population-Based Study of Older Adults - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2763516
hormone hormones saliva salivary estradiol progesterone testosterone DHEA testing
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 16 Oct 12
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Another study supports saliva hormone testing. This study involved 2,722 individuals and tested estradiol, progesterone, DHEA and testosterone in men and women. All of these are sex hormones. Someone needs to tell the insurance companies that the overwhelming evidence supports saliva hormone testing. But, that would mean they are even interested in the science.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 04 Oct 16
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Accelerated Accumulation of Multimorbidity After Bilateral Oophorectomy: A Population-B... - 0 views
www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/...abstract
oophorectomy menopause chronic disease of aging women hormones
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 04 Oct 16
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For most women, the practice of pre-menopausal, preventative removal of ovaries should be no more. Evidence does not support a reduction in ovarian cancer; but, it does support an increased risk of depression, hyper lipidemia, cardiac arrhythmia, CAD, arthritis, asthma, COPD, and asthma.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 17 Feb 12
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The 4-Pregnene and 5α-Pregnane Progesterone Metabolites Formed in Nontumorous... - 0 views
cancerres.aacrjournals.org/...936.full
progesterone metabolism cancer risk 4-pregnene 5alpha-pregnane
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 17 Feb 12
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We report here the first evidence that tumorous breast tissue exhibits elevated 5α-reductase activity, which promotes significant increases in 5α-pregnanes, especially 5αP,4 whereas the normal (nontumorous) breast tissue produces more 4-pregnenes, especially 3αHP
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3αHP and other 4-pregnenes inhibit, whereas 5αP and other 5α-pregnanes stimulate, breast cell proliferation and detachment
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it is evident that breast tissue can convert progesterone into two classes of metabolites: the δ-4-pregnenes (which retain the C4–5 double bond), and the 5α-reduced 21-carbon steroids (5α-pregnanes)
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irreversible action of 5α-reductase
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in normal (nontumorous) breast tissue, the 4-pregnene metabolites of progesterone greatly exceeded the 5α-pregnanes, whereas in tumorous tissue, 5α-pregnanes exceeded 4-pregnenes.
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These differences in 5α-pregnane and 4-pregnene amounts were largely attributable to differences in 5αP and 3αHP production in tumorous and nontumorous tissues
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the metabolic activities were in general similar, regardless of the age and ER state of the patient or whether she was pre- or postmenopausal.
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These findings suggest greatly elevated 5α-reductase activity in tumorous, as compared with nontumorous, breast tissue.
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progesterone metabolites that retain the C-4 double bond (i.e., the 4-pregnenes) exert an antiproliferative effect in the three cell lines that were tested, whereas the 5α-pregnanes stimulate breast cell line proliferation.
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the degree of mitogenicity would be determined by the ratio of 5α-pregnanes:4-pregnenes. Tissues with a high 4-pregnene:5α-pregnane ratio would maintain a higher degree of normalcy, whereas those with a high 5α-pregnane:4-pregnene ratio would tend toward tumorigenicity
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The observations that progesterone metabolites affect both ER-positive and ER-negative cells as well as tumorigenic (MCF-7) and nontumorigenic (MCF-10A) cells strengthen the argument that these factors may be endocrinologically relevant for all forms of breast cancer.
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progesterone metabolites as the active endocrine/paracrine/autocrine factors
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Estrogen-based therapies elicit responses in only one-third of all breast cancer patients, and most of these show relapse.
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the metabolic activities were in general similar, regardless of the age and ER state of the patient or whether she was pre- or postmenopausal.
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Interesting that the effect of progesterone metabolites were found to be independent from ER status, age, and pre/post menopause
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Different progesterone metabolites shown to have different tumor effects. Implications are that, just as estrogen metabolism effects cancer risk, so does progesterone metabolism.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Jan 14
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Progesterone metabolites regulate induction, growth, and suppression of estrogen- and p... - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3706910
progesterone metabolites metabolite 5-alpha pregnene 5-alpha pregnenes 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone 4-pregnene 4-pregnenes 3alpha-dihydroprogesterone breast cancer ER PR hormone hormones receptors estrogen
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Jan 14
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in vitro studies had shown that the progesterone metabolites, 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5αP) and 3α-dihydroprogesterone (3αHP), respectively, exhibit procancer and anticancer effects on receptor-negative human breast cell lines
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Onset and growth of ER/PR-negative human breast cell tumors were significantly stimulated by 5αP and inhibited by 3αHP
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When both hormones were applied simultaneously, the stimulatory effects of 5αP were abrogated by the inhibitory effects of 3αHP and vice versa
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Treatment with 3αHP subsequent to 5αP-induced tumor initiation resulted in suppression of further tumorigenesis and regression of existing tumors
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Tumorigenesis of ER/PR-negative breast cells is significantly enhanced by 5αP and suppressed by 3αHP, the outcome depending on the relative concentrations of these two hormones in the microenvironment in the breast regions
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The findings show that the production of 5αP greatly exceeds that of 3αHP in ER/PR-negative tumors and that treatment with 3αHP can effectively block tumorigenesis and cause existing tumors to regress
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hypothesis that a high 3αHP-to-5αP concentration ratio in the microenvironment may foster normalcy in noncancerous breast regions.
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a large proportion (about 30% to 60%) of breast tumors are ER and/or PR negative
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about 90% of normal proliferating breast epithelial cells are receptor negative
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Our previous in vitro studies had shown that breast tissues and cell lines readily convert progesterone to 5α-pregnanes, such as 5αP, and delta-4-pregnenes, such as 3αHP (Figure (Figure1),1), and that tumorous breast tissues [15] and tumorigenic breast cell lines [16] produce higher levels of 5αP and lower levels of 3αHP than do normal breast tissues and nontumorigenic cell lines
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The progesterone metabolism studies suggested that increases in 5αP and decreases in 3αHP production accompany the shift toward breast cell neoplasia and tumorigenicity
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In vitro studies on five different human breast cell lines showed that cell proliferation and detachment are significantly increased by 5αP and decreased by 3αHP
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the prevailing theory of hormonal regulation of breast cancer, as well as hormone-based therapies, revolves around estrogen and/or progesterone and ER/PR-positive breast cells and tumors.
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Not only do these "receptor-negative" breast cancers fail to benefit from current hormonal therapies, but they also generally exhibit more-aggressive biologic behaviors and poorer prognosis than the receptor-positive ones
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The results of the studies reported here show for the first time that the progesterone metabolites, 5αP and 3αHP, act as hormones that regulate ER/PR-negative breast tumor formation, growth, and regression
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The onset of the ER/PR-negative human breast cell tumors in mice was considerably accelerated, and the growth significantly stimulated, by just one or two applications of 5αP
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In contrast, 3αHP retarded onset of tumor formation, suppressed tumor growth, and inhibited or regressed existing 5αP-induced tumors
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When both hormones were administered simultaneously, the effects of one were abrogated by the effects of the other.
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The 5αPR and 3αHPR (which are associated with the plasma membranes of both ER/PR-positive [19] and ER/PR-negative [29] cells) are distinct from each other and from known ER, PR, androgen, and corticosteroid receptors, and lack affinity for other steroids, such as progesterone, estrogen, androgens, corticosteroids, and other progesterone metabolites
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Levels of 5αPR are upregulated by 5αP itself and estradiol, and downregulated by 3αHP in both ER/PR-positive and -negative cells
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ndications are that 5αP acts via the surface receptor-linked mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; Erk1/2) pathway; 5αP significantly stimulates activation of Erk1/2 [30], increases the Bcl-2/Bax expression ratio [18] and actin depolymerization [31], and decreases expression of actin and adhesion plaque-associated vinculin [31], resulting in decreased apoptosis and increased mitosis and cell detachment
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3αHP appears to suppress protein kinase C (PKC), phospholipase C (PLC), Ca2+ mobilization (unpublished observations), and the Bcl-2/Bax expression ratio [18], and increases expression of the cell-cycle inhibitor p21 [18], resulting in increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation and detachment of breast cell lines.
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serum from mice with tumors had significantly more 5αP than 3αHP
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the tumors, which on average had about threefold higher concentrations of 5αP than the respective sera, and >10-fold higher 5αP than 3αHP levels
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Previous in vitro metabolism studies showed that human breast tumor tissues convert significantly more progesterone to 5α-pregnanes like 5αP and less to 4-pregnenes like 3αHP than do paired normal (nontumorous) tissues
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Similar differences in progesterone metabolism and enzyme gene expressions were observed between tumorigenic and nontumorigenic breast cell lines
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breast carcinomas are able to synthesize progesterone
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The current findings, along with the previous in vitro studies, suggest that the relative concentrations of 5αP and 3αHP in the breast microenvironment constitute important autocrine/paracrine determinants not only for tumorigenesis but also for potential regression of tumors and the maintenance of normalcy of ER/PR-negative breast cells/tissues.
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Evidence presented here shows that a high concentration of 5αP, relative to 3αHP in the microenvironment, promotes initiation and growth of tumors, whereas a higher concentration of 3αHP, relative to 5αP, suppresses tumorigenesis and promotes normalcy
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5α-reductase and 5αPR levels are upregulated by 5αP
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in the 3αHP-treated mice, the elevated 3αHP levels, relative to 5αP, in the microenvironment could have opposed progression to xenograft neoplasia by its inherent anticancer actions and the suppression of 5αP synthesis and 5αPR expression
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the opposing actions of the progesterone metabolites also appear to exert some control over the estrogen-regulated effects on breast cancer by their ability to modulate ER numbers in ER-positive cells
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because both ER/PR-negative and ER/PR-positive, as well as normal and tumorigenic human breast cell lines, have been shown to respond to 5αP and 3αHP in vitro, it is suggested that these endogenously produced progesterone metabolites may also play regulatory hormonal roles in ER/PR-positive breast cancers, as well as in the maintenance of normalcy in nontumorous breast tissues.
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The in vivo data provide further evidence that progesterone metabolites, such as 5αP and 3αHP, deserve to be considered as active hormones in their own right, rather than inactive waste products
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 02 Sep 14
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http://www.biomed.cas.cz/physiolres/pdf/prepress/932627.pdf - 0 views
www.biomed.cas.cz/...932627.pdf
resistance training exercise resistance Testosterone cortisol men obese obesity hormone hormones
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 02 Sep 14
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good discussion of the effects of resistance training on Testosterone and cortisol in obese men. The literature is more more clear on the effects of resistance training on healthy men, but the evidence in obese men is less clear--likely due to the disrupted metabolism.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 15
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Testosterone Deficiency, Cardiac Health, and Older Men - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4000629
low T low Testosterone hypogonadism men male hormone hormones Testosterone therapy disease diabetes metabolic syndrome osteoporosis HIV infertility opiates
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 15
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2.1 standard deviations in total testosterone was associated with a 25% increase in mortality
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Erectile dysfunction is an established marker for future cardiovascular risk and the major presenting symptom leading to a diagnosis of low testosterone
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There is a considerable body of evidence that low testosterone is associated with increased cardiovascular and cancer mortality
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There is considerable evidence of modest cardiac and metabolic benefits that are shown to reduce cardiovascular risk plus sexual, mood, and quality of life changes associated with restoring testosterone levels
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low Testosterone is associated with increased mortality in men and Testosterone therapy in men with low T is associated with a reduction in mortality in men.
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Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps - 0 views
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athletes who develop EAMC often ingest similar amounts of fluid during exercise as do their noncramping counterparts
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Oral fluid ingestion may be ineffective, and intravenous fluid may provide a faster delivery for athletes suffering from acute EAMC
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It is interesting that stretching the affected muscle almost immediately relieves EAMC
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Stretching, the primary treatment for acute EAMC
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National Athletic Trainers’ Association recommends that athletes prone to muscle cramping add 0.3 to 0.7 g/L of salt to their drinks to stave off muscle cramps
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Others have recommended adding higher amounts of sodium (about 3.0 to 6.0 g/L) to sports drinks based on the frequency of EAMC
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intravenous infusion of fluids removes this delay, and it has been used to aid athletes who develop acute EAMC
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maintaining hydration and adequate electrolyte levels is a good prevention strategy for individuals susceptible to EAMC
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Fluid volumes of 1.8 L per hour have been well tolerated by tennis athletes who are susceptible to EAMC
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Monitoring an athlete’s body weight is an easy method of ensuring adequate fluid replacement and individualizes each athlete’s fluid needs
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the National Athletic Trainers’ Association and the American College of Sports Medicine recommend a volume of fluid that allows for less than a 2% body weight reduction
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Endurance training may also serve as an effective means of preventing EAMC by expanding plasma volume and the extracellular fluid compartment15 and delaying neuromuscular fatigue
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Exercise associated muscle cramps or EAMC is not worked out. The theories include dehydration, mineral/electrolyte deficiencies, and neuromuscular activity.
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Peptide-Based Treatment: A Promising Cancer Therapy - 0 views
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Peptide therapeutics review. Good review of evidence behind peptide therapies in specific cancers
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Ozone in Medicine: Clinical Evaluation and Evidence Classification of the Systemic Ozon... - 0 views
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Androgen therapy and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease - 0 views
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In women, it is much clearer that androgen excess is linked to the burden of CVD risk factors
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insulin resistance is a consequence of androgen effects
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Women with PCOS have a sustained exposure to high physiologic androgen levels. This condition is associated with endothelial dysfunction, obesity and metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia
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Further evidence of a link between high androgen levels and CVD or CVD risk factors is observed in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
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For T treatment in aging women, the current data would suggest androgen excess has adverse effects on CVD risk factors, especially in women with diabetes
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androgen use and abuse is increasing in our society, either for therapeutic or recreational reasons
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For men, exogenous T treatment appears largely beneficial
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I love these review articles that highlight the metabolic differences of hormones in women versus men. The medical community as a whole doesn't seem to get this at all. The marketing-based medical community doesn't either.