BMI is the sum of FFMI+FMI
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Oct 14
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Sex hormones, leptin and anthropometric indices in men - 0 views
www.jri.ir/...showarticle.aspx
leptin low T low Testosterone Testosterone BMI SHBG men male hormone hormones
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Fat-free mass index and fat mass index percentiles in Caucasians aged 1898 y - 0 views
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During menopause and aging39,40 changes in FFM and FM are not adequately picked up by changes in BMI
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One advantage of FMI, as compared to the BMI concept, is that it amplifies the relative effect of aging on body fat
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We believe that the definition of obesity based on relative body fat (ie percentage) remains of great value for the definition of obesity. However, in a situation in which a patient is losing weight without substantially changing his/her relative body fat (as is the case with crash diets), the calculation of FMI will quantitatively reveal the amount of body fat store lost.
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relative FFM lower than 73% (ie a relative body fat greater than 27%) in men and a FFM lower than 62% (ie a body fat greater than 38%) in women.
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FMIs greater than 8.2 kg/m2 in men and 11.8 kg/m2 in women would define the 'overfat' status (rather than the overweight range) in terms of fat mass
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In young women, FMI averaged 5.5 kg/m2 (range 5th-95th percentile: 3.5-8.7 kg/m2) ie 38% higher than in males
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 19 Sep 16
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Waist-to-height ratio as a predictor of serum testosterone in ageing men with symptoms ... - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3739344
waist to height ratio low T low testosterone aging Testosterone male hormones hormones men
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nverse relationships of BMI and WC with TT and cFT have been previously documented in unselected cohorts of adult men
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adjusting WC for height (WHt ratio) improves the prediction of TT and cFT compared with either BMI or WC alone
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The magnitude of this relationship between increasing BMI and decreasing TT is similar to that described in the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 30 Nov 16
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Influence of increasing body mass index on semen and reproductive hormonal parameters i... - 0 views
www.fertstert.org/...fulltext
BMI male obesity male hormones hormones Testosterone Testosterone:Estradiol Estradiol sperm sperm concentration sperm count sperm motility fertility
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retrospective cohort finds mild but significant relationships b/t BMI and total Testosterone, Testosterone:Estradiol and Estradiol alone. BMI was inversely correlated with Testosterone and the T:E2 ratio; but directly correlated with E2 alone. There was also a negative correlation with sperm concentration, motility and morphology.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 May 12
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The polycystic ovary syndrome per se is not associated with increased chronic inflammation - 0 views
www.eje-online.org/...525.short
PCOS BMI fat overweight obese inflammation women CVD polycystic ovarian syndrome
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Brain dopamine and obesity : The Lancet - 0 views
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 18 Mar 14
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Association between serum testosterone... [Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2014] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...24625910
schizophrenia antipsychotics low T Testosterone risperidone olanzapine BMI weight insulin estradiol
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Study finds that higher BMI and insulin levels associated with decline Testosterone levels. But, so were risperidone and olanzapine in schizophrenic patients. The association between the medications and the BMI and insulin was less in the meds, but still present. The risperidone had a greater association with a lower Testosterone. Increasing estradiol levels correlated with the low Testosterone levels.
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Diagnosing Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults - 0 views
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The co-administration of arginine and GHRH (the combined test) is a powerful stimulus for GH production and has gained increasing acceptance as a useful method of diagnosing GHD [34]. This test has been advocated as a suitable alternative to ITT
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The glucagon stimulation test (GST) is a reliable, safe alternative to the ITT in the diagnosis of GHD
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An intravenous infusion of arginine (0.5 g/kg body weight) together with an intravenous bolus of GHRH (1 mcg/kg body weight) is administered [30]. Serum samples for GH are then obtained every 15–30 minutes for two hours.
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Obesity, particularly marked obesity, is associated with blunted GH secretion in response to provocative stimuli
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It has also been suggested that that even mildly increased BMI (25–30 kg/m2) can result in diminished stimulated GH production in 13% of healthy subjects
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Corneli et al. have defined BMI-specific cut-off points for diagnosing adult-onset GHD using GHRH + arginine—11.5 ng/mL for those with BMI < 25 kg/m2, 8.0 ng/mL for BMI 25–30 kg/m2, 4.2 ng/mL for those with BMI > 30 kg/m2
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Oral, in contrast to transdermal oestrogen, lowers IGF-1 levels and is associated with increased GH levels
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Adequate pituitary replacement with thyroxine and hydrocortisone are needed for optimal GH production
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Numerous GH secretagogues are available with the insulin tolerance test being the gold standard and the glucagon stimulation test or the GHRH + arginine as acceptable alternatives
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the GST is safe, with almost no contraindications, it causes nausea and sometimes vomiting in 15–20% of subjects
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Serum oestradiol levels in male partners of infer... [Andrologia. 2014] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views
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Study points to association of low Estradiol and spermatogenesis in males in infertile couples. The authors eluded to the association of low Estradiol with low Testosterone, and BMI which is the likely etiology. Low BMI will result in low aromatase activity. For men, the majority of Estradiol production occurs from Testosterone via aromatase activity. Estradiol likely exists in a "U" shaped pattern of benefit: to low hinders optimal physiologic function and contributes to inflammation and disease in men.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Aug 14
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PLOS ONE: Testosterone, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin and the Metabolic Syndrome in Men:... - 0 views
www.plosone.org/...10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0100409
metabolic syndrome Total Testosterone Total Testosterone free free Testosterone SHBG BMI obese overweight men male hormone hormones
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Weight Status Among Adolescents in States That Govern Competitive Food Nutrition Content - 0 views
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Testosterone and the Cardiovascular System: A Comprehensive Review of the Clinical Lite... - 0 views
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Low endogenous bioavailable testosterone levels have been shown to be associated with higher rates of all‐cause and cardiovascular‐related mortality.39,41,46–47 Patients suffering from CAD,13–18 CHF,137 T2DM,25–26 and obesity27–28
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have all been shown to have lower levels of endogenous testosterone compared with those in healthy controls. In addition, the severity of CAD15,17,29–30 and CHF137 correlates with the degree of testosterone deficiency
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In patients with CHF, testosterone replacement therapy has been shown to significantly improve exercise tolerance while having no effect on LVEF
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testosterone therapy causes a shift in the skeletal muscle of CHF patients toward a higher concentration of type I muscle fibers
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Testosterone replacement therapy has also been shown to improve the homeostatic model of insulin resistance and hemoglobin A1c in diabetics26,68–69 and to lower the BMI in obese patients.
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Lower levels of endogenous testosterone have been associated with longer duration of the QTc interval
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negative correlation has been demonstrated between endogenous testosterone levels and IMT of the carotid arteries, abdominal aorta, and thoracic aorta
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These findings suggest that men with lower levels of endogenous testosterone may be at a higher risk of developing atherosclerosis.
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Current guidelines from the Endocrine Society make no recommendations on whether patients with heart disease should be screened for hypogonadism and do not recommend supplementing patients with heart disease to improve survival.
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The Massachusetts Male Aging Study also projects ≈481 000 new cases of hypogonadism annually in US men within the same age group
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since 1993 prescriptions for testosterone, regardless of the formulation, have increased nearly 500%
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Testosterone levels are lower in patients with chronic illnesses such as end‐stage renal disease, human immunodeficiency virus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and several genetic conditions such as Klinefelter syndrome
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A growing body of evidence suggests that men with lower levels of endogenous testosterone are more prone to develop CAD during their lifetimes
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There are 2 major potential confounding factors that the older studies generally failed to account for. These factors are the subfraction of testosterone used to perform the analysis and the method used to account for subclinical CAD.
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The biologically inactive form of testosterone is tightly bound to SHBG and is therefore unable to bind to androgen receptors
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The biologically inactive fraction of testosterone comprises nearly 68% of the total testosterone in human serum
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The biologically active subfraction of testosterone, also referred to as bioavailable testosterone, is either loosely bound to albumin or circulates freely in the blood, the latter referred to as free testosterone
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It is estimated that ≈30% of total serum testosterone is bound to albumin, whereas the remaining 1% to 3% circulates as free testosterone
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it can be argued that using the biologically active form of testosterone to evaluate the association with CAD will produce the most reliable results
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English et al14 found statistically significant lower levels of bioavailable testosterone, free testosterone, and free androgen index in patients with catheterization‐proven CAD compared with controls with normal coronary arteries
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patients with catheterization‐proven CAD had statistically significant lower levels of bioavailable testosterone
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In conclusion, existing evidence suggests that men with CAD have lower levels of endogenous testosterone,13–18 and more specifically lower levels of bioavailable testosterone
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In a meta‐analysis of these 7 population‐based studies, Araujo et al41 showed a trend toward increased cardiovascular mortality associated with lower levels of total testosterone, but statistical significance was not achieved (RR, 1.25
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the authors showed that a decrease of 2.1 standard deviations in levels of total testosterone was associated with a 25% increase in the risk of cardiovascular mortality
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the relative risk of all‐cause mortality in men with lower levels of total testosterone was calculated to be 1.35
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higher risk of cardiovascular mortality is associated with lower levels of bioavailable testosterone
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Existing evidence seems to suggest that lower levels of endogenous testosterone are associated with higher rates of all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality
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studies have shown that lower levels of endogenous bioavailable testosterone are associated with higher rates of all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality
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It may be possible that using bioavailable testosterone to perform mortality analysis will yield more accurate results because it prevents the biologically inactive subfraction of testosterone from playing a potential confounding role in the analysis
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In more recent studies, 3 randomized, placebo‐controlled trials demonstrated that administration of testosterone improves myocardial ischemia in men with CAD
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The improvement in myocardial ischemia was shown to occur in response to both acute and chronic testosterone therapy and seemed to be independent of whether an intravenous or transdermal formulation of testosterone was used.
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There is growing evidence from in vivo animal models and in vitro models that testosterone induces coronary vasodilation by modulating the activity of ion channels, such as potassium and calcium channels, on the surface of vascular smooth muscle cells
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Experimental studies suggest that the most likely mechanism of action for testosterone on vascular smooth muscle cells is via modulation of action of non‐ATP‐sensitive potassium ion channels, calcium‐activated potassium ion channels, voltage‐sensitive potassium ion channels, and finally L‐type calcium ion channels
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Corona et al confirmed those results by demonstrating that not only total testosterone levels are lower among diabetics, but also the levels of free testosterone and SHBG are lower in diabetic patients
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Laaksonen et al65 followed 702 Finnish men for 11 years and demonstrated that men in the lowest quartile of total testosterone, free testosterone, and SHBG were more likely to develop T2DM and metabolic syndrome.
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Vikan et al followed 1454 Swedish men for 11 years and discovered that men in the highest quartile of total testosterone were significantly less likely to develop T2DM
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authors demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the incidence of T2DM in subjects receiving gonadotropin‐releasing hormone antagonist therapy. In addition, a significant increase in the rate of myocardial infarction, stroke, sudden cardiac death, and development of cardiovascular disease was noted in patients receiving antiandrogen therapy.67
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Several authors have demonstrated that the administration of testosterone in diabetic men improves the homeostatic model of insulin resistance, hemoglobin A1c, and fasting plasma glucose
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Existing evidence strongly suggests that the levels of total and free testosterone are lower among diabetic patients compared with those in nondiabetics
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insulin seems to be acting as a stimulant for the hypothalamus to secret gonadotropin‐releasing hormone, which consequently results in increased testosterone production. It can be argued that decreased stimulation of the hypothalamus in diabetics secondary to insulin deficiency could result in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
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This interaction may be a result of the promotion of lipolysis in abdominal adipose tissue by testosterone, which may in turn cause reduced abdominal adiposity. On the other hand, given that adipose tissue has a higher concentration of the enzyme aromatase, it could be that increased adipose tissue results in more testosterone being converted to estrogen, thereby causing hypogonadism. Third, increased abdominal obesity may cause reduced testosterone secretion by negatively affecting the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐testicular axis. Finally, testosterone may be the key factor in activating the enzyme 11‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in adipose tissue, which transforms glucocorticoids into their inactive form.
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increasing age may alter the association between testosterone and CRP. Another possible explanation for the association between testosterone level and CRP is central obesity and waist circumference
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Bai et al have provided convincing evidence that testosterone might be able to shorten the QTc interval by augmenting the activity of slowly activating delayed rectifier potassium channels while simultaneously slowing the activity of L‐type calcium channels
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Intima‐media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery is considered a marker for preclinical atherosclerosis
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Studies have shown that levels of endogenous testosterone are inversely associated with IMT of the carotid artery,126–128,32,129–130 as well as both the thoracic134 and the abdominal aorta
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1 study has demonstrated that lower levels of free testosterone are associated with accelerated progression of carotid artery IMT
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another study has reported that decreased levels of total and bioavailable testosterone are associated with progression of atherosclerosis in the abdominal aorta
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These findings suggest that normal physiologic testosterone levels may help to protect men from the development of atherosclerosis
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Czesla et al successfully demonstrated that the muscle specimens that were exposed to metenolone had a significant shift in their composition toward type I muscle fibers
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Type I muscle fibers, also known as slow‐twitch or oxidative fibers, are associated with enhanced strength and physical capability
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It has been shown that those with advanced CHF have a higher percentage of type II muscle fibers, based on muscle biopsy
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Studies have shown that men with CHF suffer from reduced levels of total and free testosterone.137 It has also been shown that reduced testosterone levels in men with CHF portends a poor prognosis and is associated with increased CHF mortality.138 Reduced testosterone has also been shown to correlate negatively with exercise capacity in CHF patients.
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Testosterone replacement therapy has been shown to significantly improve exercise capacity, without affecting LVEF
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the results of the 3 meta‐analyses seem to indicate that testosterone replacement therapy does not cause an increase in the rate of adverse cardiovascular events
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Data from 3 meta‐analyses seem to contradict the commonly held belief that testosterone administration may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer
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One meta‐analysis reported an increase in all prostate‐related adverse events with testosterone administration.146 However, when each prostate‐related event, including prostate cancer and a rise in PSA, was analyzed separately, no differences were observed between the testosterone group and the placebo group
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the existing data from the 3 meta‐analyses seem to indicate that testosterone replacement therapy does not increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events
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the authors correctly point out the weaknesses of their study which include retrospective study design and lack of randomization, small sample size at extremes of follow‐up, lack of outcome validation by chart review and poor generalizability of the results given that only male veterans with CAD were included in this study
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the studies that failed to find an association between testosterone and CRP used an older population group
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low testosterone may influence the severity of CAD by adversely affecting the mediators of the inflammatory response such as high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor–α
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Good review of Testosterone and CHD. Low T is associated with increased all cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality, CAD, CHF, type II diabetes, obesity, increased IMT, increased severity of CAD and CHF. Testosterone replacement in men with low T has been shown to improve exercise tolerance in CHF, improve insulin resistance, improve HgbA1c and lower BMI in the obese.
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 01 Apr 15
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Total testosterone may not decline with ageing in Korean men aged 40 years or older. - ... - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...22372615
total Testosterone ageing men male hormone hormones Testosterone glucose waist circumference BMI
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Social Jetlag and Obesity: Current Biology - 0 views
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Familial resemblance of 7-year changes in body mass... [Obes Res. 2002] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views
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Journal of Endocrinological Investigation - 0 views
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PLOS Medicine: Causal Relationship between Obesity and Vitamin D Status: Bi-Directional... - 0 views
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 May 12
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Relationship between endogenous testosterone and cardiovascular risk in early postmenop... - 0 views
www.metabolismjournal.com/...abstract
testosterone women high elevated CRP inflammation BMI obesity overweight post-menopausal CVD
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Body mass index and waist circumference were significantly higher in the group with testosterone levels
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An association of testosterone with CRP (r = 0.416, P = .004) and ET-1 (r = 0.323, P = .031) was observed