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mean serum testosterone concentrations were found to be lower in men with GG than in those with TT genotype for rs12150660

men with the CT genotype for rs6258 had lower serum testosterone concentrations than those with CC genotype.

The two autosomal SNPs identified by GWAS had a significant influence on the risk of having low serum testosterone (serum testosterone <300 ng/dl) in both the discovery and the replication cohorts with a combined odds ratio (OR) per minor allele of 0.72 (95% CI, 0.65 – 0.79) and 2.7 (95% CI, 2.1 – 3.5) for rs12150660 and rs6258, respectively

Oxidative slow-twitch type I fibres (henceforth briefly called ‘slow fibres’) contain MHC-Iβ. They use oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to generate ATP and are thus highly fatigue resistant and preferentially activated during endurance exercise. Slow fibres comprise high amounts of mitochondria, myoglobin and lipid droplets, and are well supplied by capillaries

there are three types of fast-twitch fibres (types IIA, IID/X, IIB, with the corresponding MHC isoforms IIa, IId/x, IIb) which are all used for rapid high-force generation. Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch type IIA fibres have intermediate amounts of mitochondria, lipid droplets and capillaries, and are intermediately resistant to fatigue (as compared to type I and types IIB and IID/X). Glycolytic fast-twitch type IID/X fibres are poor in mitochondria, lipids and capillaries and more susceptible to fatique than type IIA. Glycolytic fast-twitch type IIB fibres have the lowest amounts of mitochondria, lipid droplets and capillaries, but generate the highest contraction velocities

Several studies have shown that PGC-1α is upregulated after endurance training

The resulting cumulative risks by age 70 years are as follows: breast cancer risk of 55% (95% CI, 50% to 59%) for BRCA1 and 47% (95% CI, 42% to 51%) for BRCA2 mutation carriers;and ovarian cancer risk of 39% (95% CI,34% to 45%) for BRCA1 and 17% (95% CI,13% to 21%) for BRCA2 mutation carriers