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Nathan Goodyear

Association Between Endogenous Sex Hormones and Liver Fat in a Mult... - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...25592661

Testosterone Estradiol SHBG hormone hormones men women non-alcoholic fatty liver fatty liver CVD cardiovascular disease cardiovascular disease

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 02 Feb 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 02 Feb 15
     
    Time that physicians start following the science.  Study using data from the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis was used to assess hormones and fatty liver in men and women.  Increasing bioavailable Testosterone levels in women was found to be associated with increasing fatty liver in post-menopausal women.  The opposite was found to be true in men.  Higher Estradiol levels were found to be associated with increased fatty liver in both sexes.  However, the statistical significance was higher with men.  Higher SHBG was associated with lower fatty liver incidence in men.  
Nathan Goodyear

Alterations in circulating fatt... [JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...21378249

omega 3 omega-3 n-3 fish oil fish oil Lupus fatty acids EPA DHA

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 30 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 30 Oct 13
     
    The purpose of this post is not that prednisone should be used to improve the fatty acid profile in those with Lupus.  That is ridiculous.  But, that fatty acid abnormalities are consistently found in Lupus and particularly omega-3 fatty acids should be evaluated.
Nathan Goodyear

PLOS ONE: Depletion of Brain Docosahexaenoic Acid Impairs Recovery from Traumatic Brain... - 0 views

journals.plos.org/...article

DHA TBI traumatic brain injury omega 3 brain injury brain omega-3

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 31 Aug 15 - No Cached
  • The polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic (LA, 18:2n-6) and linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3) are essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body.
  • LNA serves as the precursor for long chain omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) while LA is converted into long chain omega-6 fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (AA)
  • DHA and AA are abundantly found in the brain, where these are stored mainly in membrane phospholipids
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • DHA has been shown to increase neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, and promotes glutamatergic neurotransmission through increase in glutamate receptor subunit expression
  • DHA has been shown to be converted to anti-inflammatory, proresolving and neuroprotective mediators, such as resolvins [7] and protectins
  • AA is converted by cyclooxygenases into 2-series prostaglandins and 4-series leukotrienes, most of which exert pro-inflammatory effects
  • Supplementation of DHA exerts neuroprotective effects and has been reported to afford protection from diffuse axonal injury [11] and mixed brain injury [12] as well
  • severe depletion of membrane DHA in the brain renders mice significantly more susceptible to TBI and impairs recovery following the injury
  • Omega-3 fatty acids may serve as nutraceutical agents and precondition the brain to make it more resilient to injury
  • it can be suggested that enriching DHA in the brain may be prophylactic and protective against brain injury
  • severe DHA deficiency in the brain impairs functional recovery from TBI in terms of vestibulo-motor and cognitive deficits
  • DHA deficiency further elevates TBI-induced production of SBDPs
  • less neurons were found around the injury site of DHA deficient brain after TBI compared to the omega-3 fatty acid adequate group
  • Nathan Goodyear on 31 Aug 15
     
    mouse study finds prolonged recovery in DHA deficient mice compared to controls.
Nathan Goodyear

The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and ... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3735932

SCFA gut gut health diet nutrition metabolism gut flora gut microbiota

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 16 - No Cached
  • Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are present in an approximate molar ratio of 60:20:20 in the colon and stool
  • SCFAs might play a key role in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome, bowel disorders, and certain types of cancer
  • SCFA administration positively influenced the treatment of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • Gut bacteria in the cecum and large intestine produce SCFAs mainly from nondigestible carbohydrates that pass the small intestine unaffected
  • plant cell-wall polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and resistant starches
  • inulin shifted the relative production of SCFAs from acetate to propionate and butyrate
  • age of approximately 3–4 years, when it becomes mature
  • SCFAs affect lipid, glucose, and cholesterol metabolism
  • colonocytes, the first host cells that take up SCFAs and which depend largely on butyrate for their energy supply
  • the microbiota educate the immune system and increase the tolerance to microbial immunodeterminants
  • the microbiota act as a metabolic organ that can break down otherwise indigestible food components, degrade potentially toxic food compounds like oxalate, and synthesize certain vitamins and amino acids
  • a large part of the SCFAs is used as a source of energy
  • The general idea is that colonocytes prefer butyrate to acetate and propionate, and oxidize it to ketone bodies and CO2
  • Exogenous acetate formed by colonic bacterial fermentation enters the blood compartment and is mixed with endogenous acetate released by tissues and organs (103, 104). Up to 70% of the acetate is taken up by the liver (105), where it is not only used as an energy source, but is also used as a substrate for the synthesis of cholesterol and long-chain fatty acids and as a cosubstrate for glutamine and glutamate synthesis
  • SCFAs regulate the balance between fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, and lipolysis in the body.
  • Fatty acid oxidation is activated by SCFAs, while de novo synthesis and lipolysis are inhibited
  • obese animals in this study showed a 50% reduction in relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes (i.e., acetate and propionate producers), whereas the Firmicutes (i.e., butyrate producers) were proportionally increased compared with the lean counterparts.
  • increase in total fecal SCFA concentrations in obese humans.
  • In humans the distinct relation between the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and obesity is less clear.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 16
     
    Great review of the role of SCFA in gut health and body metabolism
Nathan Goodyear

Plasma Adiponectin in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Is Related to Hepatic Insulin Resistance... - 0 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...3498.short

NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver fatty liver insulin resistance fat IR obesity weight-loss

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Jan 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Jan 12
     
    in those with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, low adiponectin is associated with the insulin resistance, not the NAFLD.  But of course, insulin resistance leads to NAFLD
Nathan Goodyear

Fructose Consumption as a Risk Factor for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2423467

fructose fructokinase triglyceride NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver fatty liver liver

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 01 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 01 Oct 13
     
    Fructose upregulates fructokinase activity and this increase liver triglyceride production increasing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease also known as NAFLD.
Nathan Goodyear

N-3 and N-6 fatty acids in breast adipose tissue a... [Int J Cancer. 2002] - PubMed result - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...11857389

breast cancer omega-3

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 Feb 11 - No Cached
  • We found inverse associations between breast cancer-risk and n-3 fatty acid levels in breast adipose tissue
  • In conclusion, our data based on fatty acids levels in breast adipose tissue suggest a protective effect of n-3 fatty acids on breast cancer risk and support the hypothesis that the balance between n-3 and n-6 fatty acids plays a role in breast cancer
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 Feb 11
     
    Omega-3 lowered breast cancer incidence by 69%
Nathan Goodyear

Prevalence of Fatty Liver in Children and Adolescents - 0 views

pediatrics.aappublications.org/...1388

fatty liver children pediatrics adolescents

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 25 Aug 11 - No Cached
  • Fatty liver is the most common liver abnormality in children age 2 to 19 years
  • Nathan Goodyear on 25 Aug 11
     
    Fatty liver is most common liver abnormality in children 2 - 19.  Accounting for 13% of children in this study
Nathan Goodyear

Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance - 0 views

www.amjmed.com/...abstract

fatty liver and insulin resistance

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Apr 11 - No Cached
  • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia
  • educe insulin sensitivity and increase serum triglyceride levels may be responsible for its development.
  • Genetic factors that
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 Apr 11
     
    Insulin resistance and fatty liver
Nathan Goodyear

Low testosterone and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Evidence for their independent ... - 0 views

www.maneyonline.com/...2045772314Y.0000000288

NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease low T low Testosterone Testosterone men male hormone hormones fatty liver

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 15
     
    Low Testosterone increased nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in men. The prevalence of NAFLD reached 85% with Total Testosterone was < 300 ng/dl.  Free Testosterone required a greater drop to increase the NAFLD, but it to still was found to be associated.
Nathan Goodyear

Metabolic endotoxemia: a molecular link between obesity and cardiovascular risk - 0 views

jme.endocrinology-journals.org/...R51.full

metabolic endotoxemia obesity insulin resistance cardiovascular disease LPS inflammation

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 04 Aug 14 - No Cached
  • Weight gain has been associated with a higher gut permeability
  • a high-fat diet promotes LPS absorption
  • higher concentrations of fatty acids impair intestinal barrier integrity
  • ...37 more annotations...
  • The starting point for innate immunity activation is the recognition of conserved structures of bacteria, viruses, and fungal components through pattern-recognition receptors
  • TLRs are PRRs that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns
  • TLRs are transmembrane proteins containing extracellular domains rich in leucine repeat sequences and a cytosolic domain homologous to the IL1 receptor intracellular domain
  • The major proinflammatory mediators produced by the TLR4 activation in response to endotoxin (LPS) are TNFα, IL1β and IL6, which are also elevated in obese and insulin-resistant patients
  • Obesity, high-fat diet, diabetes, and NAFLD are associated with higher gut permeability leading to metabolic endotoxemia.
  • Probiotics, prebiotics, and antibiotic treatment can reduce LPS absorption
  • LPS promotes hepatic insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic triglyceride accumulation, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines promoting the progression of fatty liver disease.
  • In the endothelium, LPS induces the expression of pro-inflammatory, chemotactic, and adhesion molecules, which promotes atherosclerosis development and progression.
  • In the adipose tissue, LPS induces adipogenesis, insulin resistance, macrophage infiltration, oxidative stress, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
  • the gut microbiota has been recently proposed to be an environmental factor involved in the control of body weight and energy homeostasis by modulating plasma LPS levels
  • dietary fats alone might not be sufficient to cause overweight and obesity, suggesting that a bacterially related factor might be responsible for high-fat diet-induced obesity.
  • This was accompanied in high-fat-fed mice by a change in gut microbiota composition, with reduction in Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium spp.
  • n humans, it was also shown that meals with high-fat and high-carbohydrate content (fast-food style western diet) were able to decrease bifidobacteria levels and increase intestinal permeability and LPS concentrations
  • it was demonstrated that, more than the fat amount, its composition was a critical modulator of ME (Laugerette et al. 2012). Very recently, Mani et al. (2013) demonstrated that LPS concentration was increased by a meal rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA), while decreased after a meal rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA).
  • this effect seems to be due to the fact that some SFA (e.g., lauric and mystiric acids) are part of the lipid-A component of LPS and also to n-3 PUFA's role on reducing LPS potency when substituting SFA in lipid-A
  • these experimental results suggest a pivotal role of CD14-mediated TLR4 activation in the development of LPS-mediated nutritional changes.
  • This suggests a link between gut microbiota, western diet, and obesity and indicates that gut microbiota manipulation can beneficially affect the host's weight and adiposity.
  • endotoxemia was independently associated with energy intake but not fat intake in a multivariate analysis
  • in vitro that endotoxemia activates pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production via NFκB and MAPK signaling in preadipocytes and decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activity and insulin responsiveness in adipocytes.
  • T2DM patients have mean values of LPS that are 76% higher than healthy controls
  • LPS-induced release of glucagon, GH and cortisol, which inhibit glucose uptake, both peripheral and hepatic
  • LPSs also seem to induce ROS-mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cells
  • Recent evidence has been linking ME with dyslipidemia, increased intrahepatic triglycerides, development, and progression of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  • The hepatocytes, rather than hepatic macrophages, are the cells responsible for its clearance, being ultimately excreted in bile
  • All the subclasses of plasma lipoproteins can bind and neutralize the toxic effects of LPS, both in vitro (Eichbaum et al. 1991) and in vivo (Harris et al. 1990), and this phenomenon seems to be dependent on the number of phospholipids in the lipoprotein surface (Levels et al. 2001). LDL seems to be involved in LPS clearance, but this antiatherogenic effect is outweighed by its proatherogenic features
  • LPS produces hypertriglyceridemia by several mechanisms, depending on LPS concentration. In animal models, low-dose LPS increases hepatic lipoprotein (such as VLDL) synthesis, whereas high-dose LPS decreases lipoprotein catabolism
  • When a dose of LPS similar to that observed in ME was infused in humans, a 2.5-fold increase in endothelial lipase was observed, with consequent reduction in total and HDL. This mechanism may explain low HDL levels in ‘ME’ and other inflammatory conditions such as obesity and metabolic syndrome
  • It is known that the high-fat diet and the ‘ME’ increase intrahepatic triglyceride accumulation, thus synergistically contributing to the development and progression of alcoholic and NAFLD, from the initial stages characterized by intrahepatic triglyceride accumulation up to chronic inflammation (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis), fibrosis, and cirrhosis
  • On the other hand, LPS activates Kupffer cells leading to an increased production of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNFα
  • high-fat diet mice presented with ME, which positively and significantly correlated with plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), IL1, TNFα, STAMP2, NADPHox, MCP-1, and F4/80 (a specific marker of mature macrophages) mRNAs
  • prebiotic administration reduces intestinal permeability to LPS in obese mice and is associated with decreased systemic inflammation when compared with controls
  • Cani et al. also found that high-fat diet mice presented with not only ME but also higher levels of inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and macrophage infiltration markers
  • This suggests that important links between gut microbiota, ME, inflammation, and oxidative stress are implicated in a high-fat diet situation
  • high-fat feeding is associated with adipose tissue macrophage infiltration (F4/80-positive cells) and increased levels of chemokine MCP-1, suggesting a strong link between ME, proinflammatory status, oxidative stress, and, lately, increased CV risk
  • LPS has been shown to promote atherosclerosis
  • markers of systemic inflammation such as circulating bacterial endotoxin were elevated in patients with chronic infections and were strong predictors of increased atherosclerotic risk
  • As a TLR4 ligand, LPS has been suggested to induce atherosclerosis development and progression, via a TLR4-mediated inflammatory state.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 04 Aug 14
     
    Very nice updated review on Metabolic endotoxemia
Nathan Goodyear

Toll-like receptor signaling links dietary fatty acids to the metabolic syndrome - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3099529

TLR toll-like receptors toll-like receptors fatty acids fat metabolic syndrome obesity overweight inflammation dietary

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Activation of the innate immune system controls macronutrient metabolism
  • the innate immune response is the first line of defense against invading pathogens, wherein highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by cognate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs
  • many studies have supported the idea that cytokine signaling directly promotes insulin resistance
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  • innate immune system may be causally linked to obesity
  • adipose tissue contains a substantial population of macrophages, and macrophage-driven adipose inflammation contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of obesity
  • Collectively, activation of the innate immune system is strongly associated with ASCVD, insulin resistance, and obesity, and recent evidence suggests that much of this association can be traced to a unique family of PRRs known as TLRs
  • TLRs are a family of type I transmembrane receptors, currently thought to comprise at least 13 members in mammals, that specifically recognize a variety of microbial PAMPs and trigger host cellular responses
  • Free SFAs have indeed been demonstrated to elicit TLR4-dependent and TLR2-dependent responses in several cell types.
  • Endogenous SFAs released from adipocytes activate cocultured macrophages via TLR4 [18], indicating the potential for cellular crosstalk in adipose tissue. Collectively, there is a growing body of evidence that SFAs promote, whereas long chain PUFA antagonize, TLR4-dependent and TLR2-dependent signaling in multiple cell models
  • In an elegant study, Shi et al. [16] demonstrated that SFAs activate TLR4-dependent signaling in both macrophages and adipocytes, and mice lacking TLR4 are protected against insulin resistance driven by intravenous lipid infusion
  • In addition to effects in macrophages and adipocytes, SFAs can activate TLR4 in the hypothalamus, which triggers a central inflammatory response that results in resistance to anorexigenic signals
  • endogenous SFAs can indeed promote innate immunity and inflammatory disease
  • This finding strongly supports the work of Hwang and coworkers [19–22] demonstrating that ω-3 PUFAs can effectively counteract SFA-induced TLR4 activation in cultured macrophages and dendritic cells.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Oct 12
     
    high dietary fatty acids linked to metabolic syndrome through TLR.
Nathan Goodyear

Mediterranean diet and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the need of extended and comp... - 1 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...24529325

mediterranean diet nutrition NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver liver disease

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Apr 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Apr 16
     
    Mediterranean diet decreases fatty liver deposits in NAFLD at 6 months.
Nathan Goodyear

The role of long chain fatty acids in regulating food intake and cholecystokinin releas... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC1727908

LCFA long-chain fatty acids cholecystokinin calorie restriction calorie obesity overweight food intake

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jun 12
     
    long chain fatty acids (LCFA), associated with decreased calorie intake.  This occurs through up regulation/release of cholecystokinin.
Nathan Goodyear

Uric acid induces hepatic steatosis by generatio... [J Biol Chem. 2012] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...23035112

uric acid mitochondria non-alcoholic fatty liver fructose triglyceride oxidative stress fatty liver liver ATP

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 01 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 01 Oct 13
     
    Elevated uric acid levels up regulate fructose metabolism to triglycerides and fatty liver.  This study finds that liver mitochondrial oxidative stress is also evident.  This mitochondrial dysfunction also leads to compromised ATP production and fat accumulation specifically through inhibition of aconitase..
Nathan Goodyear

Early pregnancy urinary biomarkers of fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism in pregnan... - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0168822714001089

fatty acid metabolism carbohydrate pregnancy gestational diabetes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Apr 14
     
    Study finds that fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism markers can be used to assess gestational diabetes risk in pregnancy.  
Nathan Goodyear

Lipids in Health and Disease | Full text | Omega-3 fatty acids and major depression: A ... - 0 views

www.lipidworld.com/25

omega-3 fish oil EPA DHA depression Fatty acids lipids

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 23 Nov 10 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 23 Nov 10
     
    Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oils) and depression
Nathan Goodyear

Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medi... [Am J Psychiatry. 2002] - PubMed ... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...11870016

Omega-3 depression

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 Dec 10 - No Cached
  • Highly significant benefits of the addition of the omega-3 fatty acid compared with placebo were found by week 3 of treatment.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 Dec 10
     
    Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder.
Nathan Goodyear

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children - 0 views

www.jacn.org/...667.long

non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD obesity children overweight

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 19 Aug 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 19 Aug 11
     
    non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the new epidemic.  But the scary point is NAFLD is found in many of our children.  As goes obesity, so goes NAFLD
Nathan Goodyear

Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. [Dig Dis. 2010] - PubMed result - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...20460905

non-alcoholic liver fatty disease NAFLD obesity metabolic syndrome overweight

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 19 Aug 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 19 Aug 11
     
    non-alcoholic fatty liver disease the result of Metabolic syndrome.  New epidemic associated with obesity. Scary statistics about the children of America.
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