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Nathan Goodyear

PLOS ONE: Depletion of Brain Docosahexaenoic Acid Impairs Recovery from Traumatic Brain... - 0 views

journals.plos.org/...article

DHA TBI traumatic brain injury omega 3 brain injury brain omega-3

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 31 Aug 15 - No Cached
  • The polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic (LA, 18:2n-6) and linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3) are essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body.
  • LNA serves as the precursor for long chain omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) while LA is converted into long chain omega-6 fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (AA)
  • DHA and AA are abundantly found in the brain, where these are stored mainly in membrane phospholipids
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • DHA has been shown to increase neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, and promotes glutamatergic neurotransmission through increase in glutamate receptor subunit expression
  • DHA has been shown to be converted to anti-inflammatory, proresolving and neuroprotective mediators, such as resolvins [7] and protectins
  • AA is converted by cyclooxygenases into 2-series prostaglandins and 4-series leukotrienes, most of which exert pro-inflammatory effects
  • Supplementation of DHA exerts neuroprotective effects and has been reported to afford protection from diffuse axonal injury [11] and mixed brain injury [12] as well
  • severe depletion of membrane DHA in the brain renders mice significantly more susceptible to TBI and impairs recovery following the injury
  • Omega-3 fatty acids may serve as nutraceutical agents and precondition the brain to make it more resilient to injury
  • it can be suggested that enriching DHA in the brain may be prophylactic and protective against brain injury
  • severe DHA deficiency in the brain impairs functional recovery from TBI in terms of vestibulo-motor and cognitive deficits
  • DHA deficiency further elevates TBI-induced production of SBDPs
  • less neurons were found around the injury site of DHA deficient brain after TBI compared to the omega-3 fatty acid adequate group
  • Nathan Goodyear on 31 Aug 15
     
    mouse study finds prolonged recovery in DHA deficient mice compared to controls.
Nathan Goodyear

The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and ... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3735932

SCFA gut gut health diet nutrition metabolism gut flora gut microbiota

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 16 - No Cached
  • Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are present in an approximate molar ratio of 60:20:20 in the colon and stool
  • SCFAs might play a key role in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome, bowel disorders, and certain types of cancer
  • SCFA administration positively influenced the treatment of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea
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  • Gut bacteria in the cecum and large intestine produce SCFAs mainly from nondigestible carbohydrates that pass the small intestine unaffected
  • plant cell-wall polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and resistant starches
  • inulin shifted the relative production of SCFAs from acetate to propionate and butyrate
  • age of approximately 3–4 years, when it becomes mature
  • SCFAs affect lipid, glucose, and cholesterol metabolism
  • colonocytes, the first host cells that take up SCFAs and which depend largely on butyrate for their energy supply
  • the microbiota educate the immune system and increase the tolerance to microbial immunodeterminants
  • the microbiota act as a metabolic organ that can break down otherwise indigestible food components, degrade potentially toxic food compounds like oxalate, and synthesize certain vitamins and amino acids
  • a large part of the SCFAs is used as a source of energy
  • The general idea is that colonocytes prefer butyrate to acetate and propionate, and oxidize it to ketone bodies and CO2
  • Exogenous acetate formed by colonic bacterial fermentation enters the blood compartment and is mixed with endogenous acetate released by tissues and organs (103, 104). Up to 70% of the acetate is taken up by the liver (105), where it is not only used as an energy source, but is also used as a substrate for the synthesis of cholesterol and long-chain fatty acids and as a cosubstrate for glutamine and glutamate synthesis
  • SCFAs regulate the balance between fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, and lipolysis in the body.
  • Fatty acid oxidation is activated by SCFAs, while de novo synthesis and lipolysis are inhibited
  • obese animals in this study showed a 50% reduction in relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes (i.e., acetate and propionate producers), whereas the Firmicutes (i.e., butyrate producers) were proportionally increased compared with the lean counterparts.
  • increase in total fecal SCFA concentrations in obese humans.
  • In humans the distinct relation between the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and obesity is less clear.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 16
     
    Great review of the role of SCFA in gut health and body metabolism
Nathan Goodyear

The role of long chain fatty acids in regulating food intake and cholecystokinin releas... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC1727908

LCFA long-chain fatty acids cholecystokinin calorie restriction calorie obesity overweight food intake

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jun 12
     
    long chain fatty acids (LCFA), associated with decreased calorie intake.  This occurs through up regulation/release of cholecystokinin.
Nathan Goodyear

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition - Effect of maternal n-3 long-chain polyunsatura... - 0 views

www.nature.com/...ejcn2014158a.html

nutrition n-3 omega 3 omega-3 fish oil pregnancy childhood obesity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Dec 14 - No Cached
  • It is estimated that approximately 30% of children and adolescents in the United States and about 15–30% of those in Europe can be classified as overweight or obese
  • An increasing body of evidence now suggests that the nutritional environment encountered in utero and the early postnatal life may elicit permanent alterations in adipose tissue structure or function and, thereby, programme the individual’s propensity to later obesity
  • The composition of fatty acids in the Western diets has shifted toward an increasing dominance of n-6 relative to n-3 LCPUFAs over the past decades.9,10 This shift is also reflected in the fatty acid composition of breast milk
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  • Evidence from animal studies suggests that the n-6 LCPUFA arachidonic acid promotes adipose tissue deposition, whereas the n-3 LCPUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid seem to exert an opposite effect
  • Overall, no effect of supplementation was found on BMI in preschool (<5 years) and school-aged (6–12 years) children
  • increased adiposity, once established in childhood, tends to track into adulthood
  • Many studies have shown that even children <2 years with a high BMI are at increased risk of developing obesity later in life
  • The acquisition of fat cells early in life appears to be an irreversible process
  • Evidence from cell culture and animal studies suggests that early exposure to n-3 LCPUFAs has the potential to limit adipose tissue deposition mainly by attenuating the production of the arachidonic acid metabolite prostacyclin, which has been shown to enhance adipogenesis
  • In conclusion, there is currently no evidence to support that maternal n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation exerts a favourable programming effect on adiposity status in childhood
  • our systematic review highlights that most of the trials reviewed were prone to methodological limitations
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Dec 14
     
    Literature review finds limited data (9 studies, only 6 RCTs) of omega-3 during pregnancy.  No data was found that supported reduced obesity in children by mothers taking n-3 during pregnancy.  No harm was found either.  Data was sparse.   Take home: not enough data, no harm to pregnancy, children, thus if indications are present for mother, then recommend n-3.  At this point not studies have pointed to reduced obesity in children.
Nathan Goodyear

Stuck at the bench: Potential natural neuroprotective compounds for concussion - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3205506

concussions concussion natural therapies brain curcumin omega 3 resveratrol green tea EGCG EPA DHA vitamin E vitamin c vitamin D

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Feb 16 - No Cached
  • Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are highly enriched in neuronal synaptosomal plasma membranes and vesicles
  • The predominant CNS polyunsaturated fatty acid is DHA
  • effective supplementation and/or increased ingestion of dietary sources rich in EPA and DHA, such as cold-water fish species and fish oil, may help improve a multitude of neuronal functions, including long-term potentiation and cognition.
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  • multiple preclinical studies have suggested that DHA and/or EPA supplementation may have potential benefit through a multitude of diverse, but complementary mechanisms
  • pre-injury dietary supplementation with fish oil effectively reduces post-traumatic elevations in protein oxidation
  • The benefits of pre-traumatic DHA supplementation have not only been independently confirmed,[150] but DHA supplementation has been shown to significantly reduce the number of swollen, disconnected and injured axons when administered following traumatic brain injury.
  • DHA has provided neuroprotection in experimental models of both focal and diffuse traumatic brain injury
  • potential mechanisms of neuroprotection, in addition to DHA and EPA's well-established anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
  • Despite abundant laboratory evidence supporting its neuroprotective effects in experimental models, the role of dietary DHA and/or EPA supplementation in human neurological diseases remains uncertain
  • Several population-based, observational studies have suggested that increased dietary fish and/or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption may reduce risk for ischemic stroke in several populations
  • Randomized control trials have also demonstrated significant reductions in ischemic stroke recurrence,[217] relative risk for ischemic stroke,[2] and reduced incidence of both symptomatic vasospasm and mortality following subarachnoid hemorrhage
  • Clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease have also been largely ineffective
  • The clinical evidence thus far appears equivocal
  • curcumin has gained much attention from Western researchers for its potential therapeutic benefits in large part due to its potent anti-oxidant[128,194,236] and anti-inflammatory properties
  • Curcumin is highly lipophilic and crosses the blood-brain barrier enabling it to exert a multitude of different established neuroprotective effects
  • in the context of TBI, a series of preclinical studies have suggested that pre-traumatic and post-traumatic curcumin supplementation may bolster the brain's resilience to injury and serve as a valuable therapeutic option
  • Curcumin may confer significant neuroprotection because of its ability to act on multiple deleterious post-traumatic, molecular cascades
  • studies demonstrated that both pre- and post-traumatic curcumin administration resulted in a significant reduction of neuroinflammation via inhibition of the pro-inflammatory molecules interleukin 1β and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)
  • no human studies have been conducted with respect to the effects of curcumin administration on the treatment of TBI, subarachnoid or intracranial hemorrhage, epilepsy or stroke
  • studies have demonstrated that resveratrol treatment reduces brain edema and lesion volume, as well as improves neurobehavioral functional performance following TBI
  • green tea consumption or supplementation with its derivatives may bolster cognitive function acutely and may slow cognitive decline
  • At least one population based study, though, did demonstrate that increased green tea consumption was associated with a reduced risk for Parkinson's disease independent of total caffeine intake
  • a randomized, placebo-controlled trial demonstrated that administration of green tea extract and L-theanine, over 16 weeks of treatment, improved indices of memory and brain theta wave activity on electroencephalography, suggesting greater cognitive alertness
  • Other animal studies have also demonstrated that theanine, another important component of green tea extract, exerts a multitude of neuroprotective benefits in experimental models of ischemic stroke,[63,97] Alzheimer's disease,[109] and Parkinson's disease
  • Theanine, like EGCG, contains multiple mechanisms of neuroprotective action including protection from excitotoxic injury[97] and inhibition of inflammation
  • potent anti-oxidant EGCG which is capable of crossing the blood-nerve and blood-brain barrier,
  • Epigallocatechin-3-gallate also displays neuroprotective properties
  • More recent research has suggested that vitamin D supplementation and the prevention of vitamin D deficiency may serve valuable roles in the treatment of TBI and may represents an important and necessary neuroprotective adjuvant for post-TBI progesterone therapy
  • Progesterone is one of the few agents to demonstrate significant reductions in mortality following TBI in human patients in preliminary trials
  • in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that vitamin D supplementation with progesterone administration may significantly enhance neuroprotection
  • Vitamin D deficiency may increase inflammatory damage and behavioral impairment following experimental injury and attenuate the protective effects of post-traumatic progesterone treatment.[37]
  • emerging evidence has suggested that daily intravenous administration of vitamin E following TBI significantly decreases mortality and improves patient outcomes
  • high dose vitamin C administration following injury stabilized or reduced peri-lesional edema and infarction in the majority of patients receiving post-injury treatment
  • it has been speculated that combined vitamin C and E therapy may potentiate CNS anti-oxidation and act synergistically with regards to neuroprotection
  • one prospective human study has found that combined intake of vitamin C and E displays significant treatment interaction and reduces the risk of stroke
  • Pycnogenol has demonstrated the ability to slow or reduce the pathological processes associated with Alzheimer's disease
  • Pcynogenol administration, in a clinical study of elderly patients, led to improved cognition and reductions in markers of lipid peroxidase
  • One other point of consideration is that in neurodegenerative disease states like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, where there are high levels of reactive oxygen species generation, vitamin E can tend to become oxidized itself. For maximal effectiveness and to maintain its anti-oxidant capacity, vitamin E must be given in conjunction with other anti-oxidants like vitamin C or flavonoids
  • These various factors might account for the null effects of alpha-tocopherol supplementation in patients with MCI and Alzheimer's disease
  • preliminary results obtained in a pediatric population have suggested that post-traumatic oral creatine administration (0.4 g/kg) given within four hours of traumatic brain injury and then daily thereafter, may improve both acute and long-term outcomes
  • Acutely, post-traumatic creatine administration seemed to reduce duration of post-traumatic amnesia, length of time spent in the intensive care unit, and duration of intubation
  • At three and six months post-injury, subjects in the creatine treatment group demonstrated improvement on indices of self care, communication abilities, locomotion, sociability, personality or behavior and cognitive function when compared to untreated controls
  • patients in the creatine-treatment group were less likely to experience headaches, dizziness and fatigue over six months of follow-up
  • CNS creatine is derived from both its local biosynthesis from the essential amino acids methionine, glycine and arginine
  • Studies of patients with CNS creatine deficiency and/or murine models with genetic ablation of creatine kinase have consistently demonstrated significant neurological impairment in the absence of proper creatine, phosphocreatine, or creatine kinase function; thus highlighting its functional importance
  • chronic dosing may partially reverse neurological impairments in human CNS creatine deficiency syndromes
  • Several studies have suggested that creatine supplementation may also reduce oxidative DNA damage and brain glutamate levels in Huntington disease patients
  • Another study highlighted that creatine supplementation marginally improved indices of mood and reduced the need for increased dopaminergic therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Feb 16
     
    great review of natural therapies in the treatment of concussions
Nathan Goodyear

Toll-like receptor signaling links dietary fatty acids to the metabolic syndrome - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3099529

TLR toll-like receptors toll-like receptors fatty acids fat metabolic syndrome obesity overweight inflammation dietary

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Activation of the innate immune system controls macronutrient metabolism
  • the innate immune response is the first line of defense against invading pathogens, wherein highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by cognate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs
  • many studies have supported the idea that cytokine signaling directly promotes insulin resistance
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  • innate immune system may be causally linked to obesity
  • adipose tissue contains a substantial population of macrophages, and macrophage-driven adipose inflammation contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of obesity
  • Collectively, activation of the innate immune system is strongly associated with ASCVD, insulin resistance, and obesity, and recent evidence suggests that much of this association can be traced to a unique family of PRRs known as TLRs
  • TLRs are a family of type I transmembrane receptors, currently thought to comprise at least 13 members in mammals, that specifically recognize a variety of microbial PAMPs and trigger host cellular responses
  • Free SFAs have indeed been demonstrated to elicit TLR4-dependent and TLR2-dependent responses in several cell types.
  • Endogenous SFAs released from adipocytes activate cocultured macrophages via TLR4 [18], indicating the potential for cellular crosstalk in adipose tissue. Collectively, there is a growing body of evidence that SFAs promote, whereas long chain PUFA antagonize, TLR4-dependent and TLR2-dependent signaling in multiple cell models
  • In an elegant study, Shi et al. [16] demonstrated that SFAs activate TLR4-dependent signaling in both macrophages and adipocytes, and mice lacking TLR4 are protected against insulin resistance driven by intravenous lipid infusion
  • In addition to effects in macrophages and adipocytes, SFAs can activate TLR4 in the hypothalamus, which triggers a central inflammatory response that results in resistance to anorexigenic signals
  • endogenous SFAs can indeed promote innate immunity and inflammatory disease
  • This finding strongly supports the work of Hwang and coworkers [19–22] demonstrating that ω-3 PUFAs can effectively counteract SFA-induced TLR4 activation in cultured macrophages and dendritic cells.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Oct 12
     
    high dietary fatty acids linked to metabolic syndrome through TLR.
Nathan Goodyear

Interplay between lipids and branched-chain amino acids in development of insulin resis... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3695706

protein high diet insulin resistance metabolism obesity diabetes fatty acids essential

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 21 Oct 13
     
    High branch chain amino acids can promote insulin resistance.  This study points out that long-term high protein dietary intake can actually have significant deleterious effects and lead to disease.  A high fat diet appears to be required for this effect.
Nathan Goodyear

Blood Levels of Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acids and the Risk of Sudden Death - NEJM - 0 views

www.nejm.org/...NEJMoa012918

omega 3 omega-3 sudden cardiac dealth

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 14 Sep 17 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 14 Sep 17
     
    Higher omega 3 fatty acids associated with 81% lower risk of sudden cardiac death.
Nathan Goodyear

Is docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for dev... - 0 views

www.ajcn.org/...281.abstract

long-chain fatty acid brain development function behavioral DHA Omega-3

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Sep 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 Sep 11
     
    changes in brain concentrations of DHA (omega-3) are positively associated with changes in cognitive or behavioral performance
Nathan Goodyear

Metabolic Effects of Dietary Fiber Consumption and Prevention of Diabetes - 0 views

jn.nutrition.org/...439.long

soluble insoluble fiber dietary diet nutrition diabetes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • DF are highly complex substances that can be described as any nondigestible carbohydrates and lignins not degraded in the upper gut
  • Commonly, DF are classified according to their solubility in water, even though grading according to viscosity, gel-forming capabilities, or fermentation rate by the gut microbiota might be physiologically more relevant
  • Main sources of soluble DF are fruits and vegetables
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  • n increased intake of total DF was inversely associated with markers of insulin resistance in several studies
  • consumption of insoluble DF increased whole body glucose disposal independent of changes in body weight in both short-term and more prolonged studies
  • Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate are produced by bacterial fermentation of indigestible DF polysaccharides in the colon
  • increased production of SCFA is assumed to be beneficial by reducing hepatic glucose output and improving lipid homeostasis
  • a high DF diet (oligofructose) reduced gram-negative bacterial content and body weight, whereas a high fat diet increased the proportion of a gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) containing microbiota in humans
  • Prospective cohort studies indicate that diets high in insoluble cereal DF and whole grains might reduce diabetes risk
  • soluble DF (i.e., pectin, inulin, and β-glucans)
  • cereal DF (i.e., cellulose and hemicelluloses)
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Oct 13
     
    Good discussion of dietary fiber intake and Diabetes.  
Nathan Goodyear

Long chain omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids sup... [J Nutr Health Aging. 2011] - Pub... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...21267525

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Jun 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Jun 11
     
    Omega-3 improves depression symptoms in elderly
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