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Dietary linolenic acid is inversely associated with calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Djoussé L, Arnett DK, Carr JJ, Eckfeldt JH, Hopkins PN, Province MA, Ellison RC; Investigators of the NHLBI FHS. Circulation. 2005 Jun 7;111(22):2921-6. Epub 2005 May 31. PMID: 15927976 doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.489534

Prevention of insulin resistance by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.\nFedor D, Kelley DS.\nCurr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009 Mar;12(2):138-46.\nPMID: 19202385

Wang C, Harris WS, Chung M, Lichtenstein AH, Balk EM, Kupelnick B, Jordan HS, Lau J. \nn-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not \nalpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in \nprimary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review. \nAm J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jul;84(1):5-17. Review. \nPMID: 16825676

Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease.\nde Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Guidollet J, Touboul P, Delaye J.\nLancet. 1994 Jun 11;343(8911):1454-9. Erratum in: Lancet 1995 Mar 18;345(8951):738.\nPMID: 7911176

Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review of potential mechanisms. Larsson SC, Kumlin M, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Wolk A. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun;79(6):935-45. Review. PMID: 15159222

Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) is 20-carbon ω-6 fatty acid. In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:3(n-6). Chemically, DGLA is a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and three cis double bonds; the first double bond is located at the

Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are fatty acids that cannot be constructed within an organism from other components (generally all references are to humans) by any known chemical pathways; and therefore must be obtained from the diet. The term refers to t

"July 9, 2008 | Michael O'Riordan Boston, MA - The consumption of a diet containing vegetable oils rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is associated with significant reductions in the risk of nonfatal MI, a new study has shown [1]. Investigators say the protective effect of ALA is evident among individuals with low intakes, suggesting the greatest benefit might be in developing countries, where fatty-acid consumption is limited. "The potential for benefit is great when the baseline intake is low," said lead investigator Dr Hannia Campos (Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA). "In countries where people eat very little fish-and some of these countries have almost no sources of omega-3 fatty acids because they cook with corn or sunflower oils-the consumption of vegetable oils with ALA could have a major impact on heart disease." In an editorial accompanying the published study [2], Dr William Harris (University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls) said that the data are suggestive and would be good news for individuals who will not or cannot eat fish, but more studies are still needed. "If ALA were able to do the same 'heavy lifting' that [eicosapentaenoic acid] EPA and [docosahexaenoic acid] DHA do, this would be welcomed news, because the capacity to produce ALA is essentially limitless, whereas there are only so many fish in the sea," he writes. "

Alpha-linolenic acid and risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction. Campos H, Baylin A, Willett WC. Circulation. 2008 Jul 22;118(4):339-45. Epub 2008 Jul 7. Erratum in: Circulation. 2008 Sep 16;118(12):e492. PMID: 18606916 doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.762419 Conclusions - Consumption of vegetable oils rich in {alpha}-linolenic acid could confer important cardiovascular protection. The apparent protective effect of {alpha}-linolenic acid is most evident among subjects with low intakes.

Relationship of dietary linoleic acid to blood pressure. The International Study of Macro-Micronutrients and Blood Pressure Study [corrected] Miura K, Stamler J, Nakagawa H, Elliott P, Ueshima H, Chan Q, Brown IJ, Tzoulaki I, Saitoh S, Dyer AR, Daviglus ML, Kesteloot H, Okayama A, Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, Elmer PJ, Steffen LM, Robertson C, Zhao L; International Study of Macro-Micronutrients and Blood Pressure Research Group. Hypertension. 2008 Aug;52(2):408-14. Epub 2008 Jul 7. Erratum in: Hypertension. 2008 Sep;52(3):e29. PMID: 18606902 doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.112383 Dietary linoleic acid intake may contribute to prevention and control of adverse blood pressure levels in general populations

Cardiovascular risk and alpha-linolenic acid: can Costa Rica clarify? Harris WS. Circulation. 2008 Jul 22;118(4):323-4. Epub 2008 Jul 7. Review. PMID: 18606912 doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.791467