Animal Emotions: Exploring Passionate Natures | BioScience | Oxford Academic - 1 views
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because emotions have evolved in specific contexts.
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Categorically denying emotions to animals because they cannot be studied directly does not constitute a reasonable argument against their existence.
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Field research
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phenotypes
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My goal is to convince skeptics that a combination of “hard” and “soft” interdisciplinary research is necessary to advance the study of animal emotions.
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It is important to extend our research beyond the underlying physiological mechanisms that mask the richness of the emotional lives of many animals and learn more about how emotions serve them as they go about their daily activities
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René Descartes
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B. F. Skinner
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Why then are there competing views on the nature of animal emotions? In part, this is because some people view humans as unique animals, created in the image of God
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researchers studying animal behavior came to realize that there was too little in studies of animal emotions and minds that was directly observable, measurable, and verifiable, and chose instead to concentrate on behavior because overt actions could be seen, measured objectively, and verified
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Most researchers now believe that emotions are not simply the result of some bodily state that leads to an action
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James and Lange argued that fear, for example, results from an awareness of the bodily changes (heart rate, temperature) that were stimulated by a fearful stimulus.
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do not produce the same type of conscious experience of fear
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are wired into the evolutionary old limbic system (especially the amygdala), the “emotional” part of the brain
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substrate
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current research (LeDoux 1996) indicates that all emotions are not necessarily packaged into a single system, and there may be more than one emotional system in the brain.
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Secondary emotions are those that are experienced or felt, evaluated, and reflected on. Secondary emotions involve higher brain centers in the cerebral cortex.
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ethologists
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I am inclined merely to delete it [the mental realm] from biological explanation, because it is an entirely private phenomenon, and biology must deal with the publicly demonstrable.”
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abanac postulated that the first mental event to emerge into consciousness was the ability of an individual to experience the sensations of pleasure and displeasure
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It is unlikely that romantic love (or any emotion) first appeared in humans with no evolutionary precursors in animals
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common brain systems and homologous chemicals underlying love that are shared among humans and animals
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No one discipline will be able to answer all of the important questions that still need to be dealt with in the study of animal emotions
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However, research that reduces and minimizes animal behavior and animal emotions to neural firings, muscle movements, and hormonal effects will not likely lead us significantly closer to an understanding of animal emotions.
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All research involves leaps of faith from available data to the conclusions
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Field work also can be problematic. It can be too uncontrolled to allow for reliable conclusions to be drawn.