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Contents contributed and discussions participated by alicia waid

alicia waid

The Man Who Shocked The World | Psychology Today - 4 views

    • alicia waid
       
      Brief summary of Stanley Milgram's life.
    • alicia waid
       
      Explanation of Stanley Milgram's experiment on Obedience to Authority.
  • try to expose the external social forces that, though subtle, have surprisingly powerful effects on our behavior.
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    • alicia waid
       
      Under the pressure of having someone "superior" to you, tell you to do something, most of the time, you do it even if you don't necessarily want to. 
    • alicia waid
       
      Milgram's experiment left everyone, even today, shocked.  It makes you think who people really are when put in different types of situations, and what kind of a world we live in too.
    • alicia waid
       
      More brief information about Milgram's studies and his early life.
    • alicia waid
       
      *Dissertation: A long essay on a particular subject, esp. one written as a requirement for the Doctor of Philosophy degree.
    • alicia waid
       
      Important to note Milgram's interests here.  He shows more and more interest in conformity.
    • alicia waid
       
      *Conformity: Behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards.
    • alicia waid
       
      More information on Milgram's studies and achievements. 
    • alicia waid
       
      Stanley was very interested in the Holocaust: How could people do such horrible things?  Because they were told?  The idea intrigued him which led to experiments.  These experiments consisted of how changing aspects of an experimental situation might alter subjects' willingness to obey.
    • alicia waid
       
      Milgram's marriage and more information about his life and studies.
    • alicia waid
       
      Milgram's experiment has opened so many of our eyes'.  Although we knew we have a tendency to obey orders, we did not know to what depth we would go in order to obey those orders.  His experiment has forever enlightened us with a disturbing and harsh truth.  
    • alicia waid
       
      People, such as the U.S. Army have taken Milgram's experiment and has learnt from it.  The U.S. Army are making sure that anyone who is apart of their leadership team are leaders that will be aware of their authority and also their responsibilities (to make good decisions).
alicia waid

Milgram's Experiment on Obedience to Authority - 4 views

    • alicia waid
       
      Excellent site for summary of Milgram's experiment.
    • alicia waid
       
      Important to note the different kinds of studies that were made. (2 variations talked about.)
    • alicia waid
       
      Results: Important to note the 3 different outcomes. State brief explanations of how they're different.
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    • alicia waid
       
      Milgram expected what the majority of us expected: Teachers to react to the students' suffering and telling the experimenter that he/she cannot continue the experiment.
    • alicia waid
       
      Important to note the 3 types of results found.  Interesting to see the contrast. 1) Obeyed orders from experimenter, yet blamed everything on the experimenter. 2) Obeyed orders from experimenter, yet blamed self in the end. 3) Stopped during experiment.  (What most people would have expected the highest percentage of results to be, but that is not the case).
    • alicia waid
       
      The "teachers" were happy to see that no harm was done to the "students", however when they were doing the experiment, they continued to use a higher voltage like asked.  Important to note that, although they're happy to see no harm was done, they were willing to do that harm for the experiment (and because the experimenter had asked for them to continue even if they didn't necessarily want to).
    • alicia waid
       
      The whole concept of "Obedience to Authority".  A high percentage of people will do things even if they don't necessarily want to. If someone tells them to do it, they will.
    • alicia waid
       
      Once put in a position with such power, some people don't know how to use it.  With such power, a person may result in changing completely and doing things they might not have necessarily done before all they've received so much power.
    • alicia waid
       
      Under the pressure of having someone "superior" to you, tell you to do something, most of the time, you do it even if you don't necessarily want to.  (Example of man being pressured to continue the experiment).
    • alicia waid
       
      Basic information of experiment.
    • alicia waid
       
      The "student's" sound effects adds depth to the experiment.  When hearing screams and cries, will people really be able to go through with the experiment? We later find out that many do.
  • out of fear or out of a desire to appear cooperative
  • "Teachers" were asked to administer increasingly severe electric shocks to the "learner" when questions were answered incorrectly.
  • illustrates people's reluctance to confront those who abuse power
  • the experiment would study the effects of punishment on learning ability
  • 45-volt shock samples
  • 2.5 percent of participants used the full 450 volts available.
  • grunt at 75 volts; complain at 120 volts; ask to be released at 150 volts; plead with increasing vigor, next; and let out agonized screams at 285 volts.
  • yell loudly and complain of heart pain.
  • actor would refuse to answer any more questions
  • 330 volts the actor would be totally silent
  • treat silence as an incorrect answer and apply the next shock level to the student.
  • hesitated to inflict the shocks, the experimenter would pressure him to proceed
  • Some teachers refused to continue with the shocks early on, despite urging from the experimenter.
  • expected as the norm
  • (65%) of the teachers were willing to progress to the maximum voltage level
  • participants continued to obey
  • he proceeded, repeating to himself, "It’s got to go on, it’s got to go on."
  • visible but teachers were asked to force the learner’s hand to the shock plate so they could deliver the punishment
  • Less obedience was extracted from subjects in this case.
  • teachers were instructed to apply whatever voltage they desired to incorrect answers.
  • 15 to 450 volts
  • averaged 83 volts
  • most participants were good, average people, not evil individuals. They obeyed only under coercion.
  • authority figure was in close proximity
  • teachers felt they could pass on responsibility to others
  • experiments took place under the auspices of a respected organization
  • Rebelled.
  • gave up responsibility for their actions, blaming the experimenter
  • Obeyed but blamed themselves.
  • harsh on themselves
  • Obeyed but justified themselves.
  • was a greater ethical imperative calling for the protection of the learner over the needs of the experimenter.
alicia waid

Teens who smoke pot at risk for later schizophrenia, psychosis - Harvard Health Publica... - 0 views

    • alicia waid
       
      Regular marijuana use increases a teenagers chance to develop psychosis*, and developing schizophrenia*.
    • alicia waid
       
      *Psychosis: A temporary state filled with intense anxiety and hallucinations.
    • alicia waid
       
      *Schizophrenia: Disabling brain disorder that not only causes psychosis, but also problems concentrating and loss of emotional expression.
    • alicia waid
       
      In a study following 2,000 tenns as they start to develop into young adults, it was proven that young people who smoke marijuana at least 5 times were twice as likely to develop psychosis over the next 10 years of their lives compared to those who didn't smoke.
    • alicia waid
       
      It was also proven that early marijuana use could increase the speed of the onset of psychosis by three years. (Those most at risk are youths who might have some family member that is dealing with schizophrenia, or any other psychotic disorder). 
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    • alicia waid
       
      These people who have family members affected by psychosis have approximately a 1 in 10 chance of developing the same condition themselves (even if they've never smoked pot).  However, if smoking marijuana, this doubles their risk (1 in 5 chance).
    • alicia waid
       
      People who are not affected by psychosis have a 7 in 1,000 chance of developing a mental disorder.
    • alicia waid
       
      People who are not affected by psychosis but smoke marijuana double their risk: 14 in 1,000.
    • alicia waid
       
      A very popular study (nearly 50,000 young Swedish soldiers were followed for 15 years) showed that those who smoked marijuana at least once were more than twice as likely to develop schizophrenia as those who had never smoked marijuana.  
    • alicia waid
       
      It was shown that the heaviest users (used more than 50 times) were 6 times more likely to become schizophrenic than the nonsmokers.  
    • alicia waid
       
      Research on the association of marijuana and the brain is in a very early stage (much is still unknown).  THC* contributes to marijuana's psychological and physical effects.
    • alicia waid
       
      *THC: One of the active compounds in marijuana.
    • alicia waid
       
      One of the many things that are still unknown is how marijuana might lead to psychosis.  There is a theory that marijuana interferes with brain development during adolescence and young adulthood, but this theory is yet to be determined.
    • alicia waid
       
      Although many things are still unknown about the relation between the adolescent brain and marijuana, one this is certain: As a teen, by smoking marijuana, you are increasing your vulnerability to psychotic thinking.
  • regular marijuana use increases the chance that a teenager will develop psychosis
  • risk for later schizophrenia, psychosis
  • increases the risk of developing schizophrenia
  • five times were twice as likely to have developed psychosis over the next 10 years
  • smoked marijuana at least
  • hasten the onset of psychosis by three years
  • already have a mother, father, or sibling with schizophrenia
  • most at risk are youths
  • some other psychotic disorde
  • one in 10 chance of developing the condition
  • even if they never smoke pot
  • one in five chance
  • doubles their risk
  • 7 in 1,000 chance
  • 14 in 1,000.
  • possible link between marijuana use and psychosis
  • smoked marijuana at least once were more than twice as likely to develop schizophrenia as those who had never smoked pot
  • marijuana use might lead to psychosis
  • cigarette smoking and lung cancer
  • marijuana and the brain
  • six times as likely to develop schizophrenia as the nonsmokers
  • stimulates the brain and triggers other chemical reactions that contribute to the drug’s psychological and physical effects
  • not clear
  • theory
  • marijuana may interfere with normal brain development during the teenage years
  • young adulthood.
  • increase a young person’s vulnerability to psychotic thinking
  • reward of a short-time high isn’t worth the long-term risk of psychosis or a disabling disorder like schizophrenia.
alicia waid

Cannabis and mental health - 0 views

    • alicia waid
       
      Cannabis is too easy to access (become more and more easy to access, as well).  People are under the influence that smoking cannabis is not bad for you, and that it is, in fact, better than smoking tobacco.  However, this is not the case, as researchers are starting to see that cannabis might actually be causing mental illnesses. 
  • most drug users take other drugs in addition to cannabis create methodological problems and explain the dearth of reliable evidence
    • alicia waid
       
      It is believed that cannabis triggers the onset or relapse of schizophrenia in predisposed people, however this cannot be certain, because many of the people being researched on have taken other drugs, which makes it hard to determine wether the triggers are from the cannabis or from any of the other drugs.
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    • alicia waid
       
      During a test (that occurred over 15 years), it was discovered that by smoking marijuana during adolescence, you are increasing your risk of developing schizophrenia.  However, they are not certain that marijuana is the only cause: Other drugs might be a factor too, and a few other concepts. 
    • alicia waid
       
      In addition, research is showing that cannabis also has a relation with depression.  It was studied over a period of 15 years, and results show that by smoking cannabis, you are increasing your risk of developing a major depression.  It was also showed that the use of cannabis also increases the idea of suicide and inability to feel pleasure.  
    • alicia waid
       
      Although only few studies were talked about in the National institution of Health, they are enough to prove that cannabis increases ones rist of developing schizophrenia AND depression.  The studies also provide very little support to prove that there is also a link between marijuana and mental health problems that are largely due to self medication (harder to prove).  These studies are not trying to say that if you smoke cannabis you will develop schizophrenia or depression, however it is saying that those who are more vulnerable will.  
    • alicia waid
       
      It is important to note that those who use cannabis must reduce their usage if they want their risk of developing schizophrenia or depression to decrease.  It was estimated that if you were to have reduced your exposure to cannabis, the incidence of psychosis would have reduced treatment by as much as 50% (Dutch study).
    • alicia waid
       
      In a Swedish study, it was proved that the use of cannabis increases your chances of developing schizophrenia by 30%.  
    • alicia waid
       
      Even more people are anticipating that cannabis will continue to contribute to even more cases of mental illnesses in the future.
    • alicia waid
       
      With further analysis, it has been discovered that cannabis is the drug associated with the possibility of developing schizophrenia (and not the impact of other drugs).  
    • alicia waid
       
      During another experiment, it was found that 59 people with a basic diagnosis of a psychotic disorder show a strong association with the use of cannabis and psychosis.  It is evident that the longer you've been smoking the drug, the more your symtoms will worsen(there is a higher chance), just like with any other drug.  
    • alicia waid
       
      In New Zealand, it was discovered that people who smoke marijuana are three times more likely to develop schizophrenia, by the age of 15 or 18.  
    • alicia waid
       
      An Australian study was also made that shows the more you smoke cannabis, the higher your rates of anxiety or depression might be.  It was proven that this link is more prone to young women than young men, however this was not proved in any other study (except the australian one).  
    • alicia waid
       
      It was proven, however, that any young human being that has used cannabis three times or more by the age of 18 is more likely to have some sort of depressive disorder by the age of 26! (And unfortunately, this was proved even to those that stopped smoking cannabis and got themselves under control.  After the first 3 times, it was too late).
  • 1990s
  • The link between cannabis and psychosis is well established
  • link between use of marijuana and depression
  • triggers the onset or relapse of schizophrenia in predisposed people and also exacerbates the symptoms generally
  • use of marijuana during adolescence increased the risk of schizophrenia in a dose-response relation
  • possible causal role of other drugs, and prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia
  • led to the use of cannabis, rather than cannabis triggering the psychosis.
  • is associated with later schizophrenia and that this is not explained by prodromal symptoms
  • cannabis
  • relation between
  • strong association between use of cannabis and psychosis
  • Participants who showed psychotic symptoms at baseline and used cannabis had a worse outcome
  • used cannabis three times or more by age 15 or 18
  • more likely to have schizophreniform disorder at age 26
  • cannabis increased the risk of major depression
  • increase in suicidal ideation and anhedonia
  • the use of cannabis and anxiety or depression in a large cohort of 14-15 year olds followed for seven years
  • Length of exposure to use of cannabis predicted the severity of the psychosis
  • higher rates of anxiety or depression
  • frequency
  • study in the New Zealand
  • did not find an association between cannabis use at age 15 and depressive disorder at age 26
  • that young people who had used cannabis three times or more by age 18 were more likely to have a depressive disorder at age 26
  • findings strengthen the argument that use of cannabis increases the risk of schizophrenia and depression
  • importance of reducing the use of cannabis in people who use it
  • exposure to cannabis would have reduced the incidence of psychosis requiring treatment by as much as 50%
  • showing that the use of cannabis increased the risk of schizophrenia by 30%
  • cannabis will contribute to more episodes or new cases of the illness
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