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Daryl Bambic

Animal Emotions: Exploring Passionate Natures | BioScience | Oxford Academic - 1 views

academic.oup.com/...233998

emotions animal

shared by Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21 - No Cached
  • because emotions have evolved in specific contexts.
  • Categorically denying emotions to animals because they cannot be studied directly does not constitute a reasonable argument against their existence.
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      To deny that something is real without first investigating its existence is not good science.
  • Field research
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      meaning in nature and not in a lab
  • ...48 more annotations...
  • phenotypes
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      This means a type of behaviour related to a species, like mating behaviour for example.
  • My goal is to convince skeptics that a combination of “hard” and “soft” interdisciplinary research is necessary to advance the study of animal emotions.
  • broadly defined as psychological phenomena that help in behavioral management and control
  • Likewise, no single theory of emotions captures the complexity of the phenomena called emotions
  • It is important to extend our research beyond the underlying physiological mechanisms that mask the richness of the emotional lives of many animals and learn more about how emotions serve them as they go about their daily activities
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      Ignore the previous sentence because this one explains it: the study of emotions needs to focus more on how they help us in life and less on the biology of them.
  • emotions are real and that they are extremely important,
  • René Descartes
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      The philosopher who said, "I think therefore I am". He divided humans into mind/body.
  • B. F. Skinner
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      Skinner was a pioneer in behaviour conditioning. He taught that emotions, because we can't measure them, are not important to understanding behaviour.
  • Why then are there competing views on the nature of animal emotions? In part, this is because some people view humans as unique animals, created in the image of God
  • researchers studying animal behavior came to realize that there was too little in studies of animal emotions and minds that was directly observable, measurable, and verifiable, and chose instead to concentrate on behavior because overt actions could be seen, measured objectively, and verified
  • Most researchers now believe that emotions are not simply the result of some bodily state that leads to an action
  • William James and Carl Lange
  • James and Lange argued that fear, for example, results from an awareness of the bodily changes (heart rate, temperature) that were stimulated by a fearful stimulus.
  • Walter Cannon's criticisms
  • there is a mental component that does not have to follow a bodily reaction
  • drugs producing bodily changes like those accompanying an emotional experience
  • do not produce the same type of conscious experience of fear
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      The textbook spoke of this.
  • Primary emotions, considered to be basic inborn emotions
  • Natural selection has resulted in innate reactions that are crucial to individual survival.
  • are wired into the evolutionary old limbic system (especially the amygdala), the “emotional” part of the brain
  • substrate
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      Substitue 'circuit' for this word
  • . Each is connected to the other two but each also has its own capacities
  • current research (LeDoux 1996) indicates that all emotions are not necessarily packaged into a single system, and there may be more than one emotional system in the brain.
  • Secondary emotions are those that are experienced or felt, evaluated, and reflected on. Secondary emotions involve higher brain centers in the cerebral cortex.
  • ethologists
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      Ethology is the study of animal behaviour and mind
  • cognitive ethologists want to know what it is like to be another animal.
  • concerns how emotions and cognition are linked
  • A sense of self in the act of knowing is created,
  • various brain structures map both the organism and external objects
  • I am inclined merely to delete it [the mental realm] from biological explanation, because it is an entirely private phenomenon, and biology must deal with the publicly demonstrable.”
  • abanac postulated that the first mental event to emerge into consciousness was the ability of an individual to experience the sensations of pleasure and displeasure
  • Examples of animal emotions
  • Social play
  • Studies of the chemistry of play support the idea that play is enjoyable.
  • dopamine (and perhaps serotonin and norepinephrine)
  • rats enjoy being playfully tickled.
  • grief in geese
  • grief and depression in orphan elephants is a real phenomeno
  • It is unlikely that romantic love (or any emotion) first appeared in humans with no evolutionary precursors in animals
  • common brain systems and homologous chemicals underlying love that are shared among humans and animals
  • No one discipline will be able to answer all of the important questions that still need to be dealt with in the study of animal emotions
  • However, research that reduces and minimizes animal behavior and animal emotions to neural firings, muscle movements, and hormonal effects will not likely lead us significantly closer to an understanding of animal emotions.
  • All research involves leaps of faith from available data to the conclusions
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      What do you think about this sentence?
  • studies of the behavior of captive animals
  • Field work also can be problematic. It can be too uncontrolled to allow for reliable conclusions to be drawn.
  • behavior is primary; neural systems subserve behavior
  • Emotions are an integral part of human life, so why not for other animals?
  • in many instances, differences in degree rather than differences in kind.
Daryl Bambic

Behaviorism - 4 views

www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html

behaviourism psychology

shared by Daryl Bambic on 26 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • Psychology should be seen as a science. 
  • Its theoretical goal is … prediction and control” (1913, p. 158).
  • concerned with observable behavior,
  • ...17 more annotations...
  • a person’s environment determines their behavior
  • 'tabula rasa' (a blank slate).
  • There is little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and that in other animals.  Therefore research can be carried out on animals as well as humans.
  • Behavior is the result of stimulus – response
  • no matter how complex,
  • All behavior is learnt from the environment
  • Limitations
  • Strengths
  • The psychodynamic approach (Freud) criticizes behaviorism as it does not take into account the unconscious mind’s influence on behavior, and instead focuses on external observable behavior.
  • (tabula rasa)
  • Humanism also rejects the nomothetic approach
  • humans have free will (personal agency
  • Chromosomes and hormones
  • Mediation processes occur between stimulus and response, such as memory, thinking, problem solving etc.
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 26 Apr 12
       
      What are the three main objections of the Behaviourism?
    • Marie-Lise Pagé
      Marie-Lise Pagé on 27 Apr 12
       
      The three main objections is that human cannot be compare to animals, human have free will and they make their own decisions and it doesn't take into account the unconscious mind.
    • Julian Posteraro
      Julian Posteraro on 27 Apr 12
       
      1) Humans have free will and are able to make their own decisions. This is objected because our actions are made based on our surroundings. 2) Animals and humans are not comparable. They are however because they can both be controlled by a stimulus for example. 3) People are born with a blank slate in their mind. Freud believed that they were actually born with instincts.  
    • kelsey sazant
      kelsey sazant on 27 Apr 12
       
      The three main objections of the Behaviourism is that humans cannot be accurately represented by animals because we have a different and more complex mind we also have free will and a different decision making process. Hormones also have a huge influence on our behaviour, this does not effect animals as drastically. 
    • Ally Talarico
      Ally Talarico on 27 Apr 12
       
      We are born with a "blank slate" therefore we are not born with a unconscious mind. Behavior isn't determined by our unconscious mind but by our environment. If it's not measurable, it's not a good theory. Also, we can't test on animals and just accept that they are the same as humans. They aren't. We are a lot more advanced and complex than most animals. We have free will and we make decisions differently than they do. 
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 26 Apr 12
       
      What are the strengths of Behaviourism?
    • Marie-Lise Pagé
      Marie-Lise Pagé on 26 Apr 12
       
      The strengths are that it's scientific so the experements done can support the theories. It helps us understand certain behaviours we have. Also, it can help us compare ourselves to animals since most of the experements are done on animals. 
    • Julian Posteraro
      Julian Posteraro on 27 Apr 12
       
      Behaviourism is beneficial because knowing that a simple or complex stimulas can trigger a certain reaction, we can learn how to better control other people or animals. For example, a stimulas can be used to train your pet animal or to calm your energetic child down. Knowing that behaviourism is predictable, we can have a certain amount of subtle control over others when needed, in therapy for example. There are also many experiments that help support the theories of Behaviourism. This is also something that is common between animals and humans. We both can react a certain way based on our environment. 
    • Ally Talarico
      Ally Talarico on 27 Apr 12
       
      It's scientific, it's highly applicable through therapy, it emphasizes objective measurement. There are many experiments to support theories as well. 
    • kelsey sazant
      kelsey sazant on 27 Apr 12
       
      The main strengths of Behaviourism are that it is scientific and therefore can test and approve or reject falsifiable theories. It can also be used as therapy or treatment if used or understood properly. It also helps us understand our behaviours by comparing them to animals, this helps us further understand our own species through the observation of another. 
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 26 Apr 12
       
      Why is Behaviourism primarily concerned with observable behaviour? How is that different from Freudian psychoanalytic theory?
    • Marie-Lise Pagé
      Marie-Lise Pagé on 26 Apr 12
       
      Behaviourism is primarily concerned with observable  behaviour because it wants to have data and the only way to get it is by seeing something happen. It is different than the Freudian psychoanalytic because Freud's theory was that you can't change the behaviour, but in behaviourism we can change the reaction.  Behaviourism says that internal events like thinking will be explained with olur behaviour.
    • Jordyn Shell
      Jordyn Shell on 27 Apr 12
       
      Behaviourism is primarily concerned with observable  behaviour because the only way to know if something is occurring is to OBSERVE IT, hence 'observable behaviour' (behaviours which are required to be seen, like MLP said). It's different than Freud's theory because he believed that behaviour was permanent, no matter what the behaviour was. However you acted and such wasn't controllable or changeable.
    • Ally Talarico
      Ally Talarico on 27 Apr 12
       
      Behaviorism is proven by observation. Also, the theory explains that we can change the reaction of certain other actions. Freudian theory believes that behavior or permanent. Although we believe that we are being rational when making decisions, we really aren't.
    • Eli Michon
      Eli Michon on 27 Apr 12
       
      Behaviorism need observation to be justified because you cant know what is happening unless it's witnessed. when thinking about this, i think of how a person under arrest is innocent until proven guilty. Freudian theory however presumed that behavior was a permanent thing and that every psychological advance you made would be determined and preset.
    • Julian Posteraro
      Julian Posteraro on 27 Apr 12
       
      Behaviourism is concerned with observable behaviour because our environment determines our behaviour. Technically, people have no free will because every action made is a reaction to another. Freud doesn't take into consideration the unconscious mind and disregards behaviourism. He also believes that we are born with instincts and not with "tabula rasa". These two theories are different because if our surroundings can predetermine our behaviour, then our behaviour isn't permanent unless our environment is.  
    • kelsey sazant
      kelsey sazant on 27 Apr 12
       
      Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behaviour because the only way to be certain that a change is occurring is to see it. This is quite different than Freud's theory because he believed that the behaviours that humans have cannot be altered. However, although our behaviours are believed to be set in stone, some things like routines and environments can change our reactions and perspectives. 
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 27 Apr 12
       
      'Because the study of behavior(ism) relies on the things we do visually (thus observable behavior). Like the text mentions, its an external and measurable study, instead of "average" physcology which is passed off on internal oberservaton (thoughts). It's different because Freudian theory suggest that everything is done mentally: our decisions, reactions. Happens through the brain; behaviorism suggests that we can study something that is said to be in our minds, based off of our actions (externally)
Daryl Bambic

The Psychology of Cults - All In The Mind - ABC Radio National (Australian Broadcasting... - 1 views

www.abc.net.au/...4392444

cults psychology

shared by Daryl Bambic on 02 Jun 13 - No Cached
  • participating without informed consent or proper screening
  • ulnerable state
  • Kenja
  • ...37 more annotations...
  • e suicided after being unable to cope, particularly when they leave the groups.
  • charismatic, he did have that capacity to have a group of people in front of him and hold their attention.
  • new pathway
  • ideas as much as the man that I found attractive.
  • Klowning was based on the idea that we are not who we think we are.
  • ble to find out the really human part of us.
  • here’s a whole language that goes with this group, isn’t there, and processing is one thing that you would go through
  • They consisted of two people sitting opposite each other silently looking at the other person’s eye and the recipient in session was able to have a look at the experiences and emotions and things in their life that they had not fully come to terms with, and that were unconsciously stopping them from being who they wanted to be. It was very emotional.
  • nudity has no significance other than what you give it, and if you think that this is in any way inappropriate that’s your dirty mind.
  • ut of research done by the CIA and the KGB after the Second World War in trying to understand how Hitler was able to persuade a whole population to a particular way of thinking and particular behaviour, and that research got out into the wider community
  • on Hubbard used a lot of these techniques in his organisation and then a lot of people who had been in Scientology
  • ocial animals,
  • emotional right-brain
  • Hypnotic states are nothing magical but in fact natural hypnotic states occur on a regular basis if we allow them to, about every two hours during the day. There’s a natural down time when our left-brain sort of quietens and our right-brain and our body is able to do a bit of a tune-up of physical processes like blood-pressure and heart-rate and cortisol levels.
  • dissociative state
  • driving somewhere
  • ay-dreamy
  • o when people use techniques that are going to help induce this state it’s not something you’re necessarily going to resist if you don’t realise that perhaps there is an ulterior motive.
  • ocus their attention
  • charismatic leader,
  • behaviour was right or wrong
  • It’s very interesting studying some of the gurus or the charismatic figures you say you often find that they are often people who have actually started out with very good intentions and just find they have this natural ability to attract people to them, or because they may be good listeners, people feel that they’ve got something to offer
  • hallucinate. I
  • en Dyers, was facing 22 charges of sexual assault on two 12-year-old girls
  • Before they were heard in court he took his own life.
  • ersonality definitely changed
  • almost layered by the group norm
  • groups are often filling desperate needs in people that are not being filled by the way we now live. The way we are now is very isolating, people are often expected to work very long hours, or have very long commutes. More and more families are living apart, so we do not live in a community that is kind to people or respects people. So anybody really is vulnerable, it’s not just, you know, the weak-willed, it’s anybody at a particular time in their life, and particularly if they’re isolated from family and friends.
  • learn all they can about the group and continue to just ask questions to try and find our more
  • But there are some positive things about some groups and it’s likely that some people live happier lives being part of some groups than they would on their own.
  • staying as connected
  • Some of the factors that are most important in human wellbeing are a sense of connectedness and a sense of control over your life now and in the future. So what often these organisations do is offer a whole list of very simple rules, if you just follow these rules then you’ll feel okay. If you just remove yourself from that world and you just mix with us everything will be okay. So they often offer a sort of a way of getting back some feeling of control.
  • describe some of the techniques, not necessarily the abuse that may have occurred, and then to help them understand that they were involved in quite a deliberate psychological process.
  • validate their humanity
  • what was missing before and helping them create a life now that is healthier and more balanced and does meet all their needs as a human being.
  • people who grow up in these organisations and really are trapped, and for those that grow up and then start to rebel as teenagers or as young adults and leave, it is very, very difficult because that’s been their reality.
  • recognition by the courts and by particularly the Family Law Court and we need education of the legal profession and I think the professional organisations, particularly the professional health organisations need to be more pro-active in first of all educating themselves about what these issues are and then making it very clear in their code of ethics of these different professional groups how the codes of ethics dovetail with belief systems.
Anthony Baloukas

The Highly Sensitive Person - 2 views

www.hsperson.com/#hspbook

sensitive person rare emotions feelings subtleties psychology brain

shared by Anthony Baloukas on 30 Apr 13 - No Cached
    • Anthony Baloukas
      Anthony Baloukas on 30 Apr 13
       
      Useful information because it can help me research more on what aspects of the brain work differently than others.
    • Anthony Baloukas
      Anthony Baloukas on 30 Apr 13
       
      It is, to a certain extent, deviant because it is not very common within our population. It still needs to be understood. 
    • Anthony Baloukas
      Anthony Baloukas on 30 Apr 13
       
      Because the brain of a highly sensitive person functions differently, processing information and being more observant is a common factor. 
  • ...9 more annotations...
    • Anthony Baloukas
      Anthony Baloukas on 30 Apr 13
       
      Because highly sensitive individuals are more observant, they tend to get bothered or stressed when things get too intense. 
    • Anthony Baloukas
      Anthony Baloukas on 30 Apr 13
       
      I still need to research whether it is a good trait or a bad trait in some cultures.
  • It is found in 15 to 20% of the population
  • biologists have found it to be in most or all animals
  • This trait reflects a certain type of survival strategy, being observant before acting.
  • The brains of highly sensitive persons (HSPs) actually work a little differently than others'.
  • This is mainly because your brain processes information and reflects on it more deeply.
  • You are also more easily overwhelmed.
  • Sensitivity is valued differently in different cultures.
Daryl Bambic

11.4 Two Fundamental Human Motivations: Eating and Mating | Introduction to Psychology ... - 1 views

opentextbc.ca/...-motivations-eating-and-mating

shared by Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22 - No Cached
  • orexin, ghrelin, and leptin
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      This is the key idea behind the KETO diet; eat very little sugar and carbs so the insulin levels drop and the body burns fat for energy.
  • interaction of the various systems that determine hunger creates a balance or homeostasis in which we eat when we are hungry and stop eating when we feel full.
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      Remember this is the DRIVE REDUCTION theory.
  • Western societies are based on a very thin body ideal,
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      Meanwhile, in most African countries, women with larger bodies are desired and the thinner ones are seen as unhealthy.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Obesity is a leading cause of death worldwide.
  • Exercise increases cardiovascular capacity, lowers blood pressure, and helps improve diabetes, joint flexibility, and muscle strength (American Heart Association, 1998). Exercise also slows the cognitive impairments that are associated with aging (Kramer, Erickson, & Colcombe, 2006).
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      The book does not mention the important benefits of exercise for the brain at all ages,not just as we age.
  • Between 3% and 4% of men are gay, and between 1% and 2% of women are lesbian
  • The Canadian Psychological Association issued a policy statement in February 1982 endorsing the principle that there be no discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation for (a) recruitment; (b) hiring; (c) salary; (d) promotion rate; (e) fringe benefits; or (f) assignment of duties. The American Psychiatric Association no longer considers homosexuality to be a mental illness, although it did so until 1973.
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      This is a good example of sociological influences on the diagnosis and understanding of mental illness. This 'mental illness' was ousted from the DSM in 1973. You can read more here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4695779/
  • Areas of the hypothalamus are different in homosexual men, as well as in animals with homosexual tendencies
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      It's the hypothalamus again!
  • Among male identical twins, 52% of those with a gay brother also reported homosexuality, whereas the rate in fraternal twins was just 22%
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      This is an important fact that supports the role of biology in homosexuality.
  • In sum, while less than half of Canadian teens report having intercourse before age 18,
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      This has changed - 55% of males and females have had sex by 18 yrs old. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2017/201706_NSFG.htm
  • Healthy Lives
  • Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
     
    "sex"
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