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Green tea, green tea catechins, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have been demonstrated in cell culture and animal models of obesity to reduce adipocyte differentiation and proliferation, lipogenesis, fat mass, body weight, fat absorption, plasma levels of triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, glucose, insulin and leptin, as well as to increase beta-oxidation and thermogenesis.

Studies conducted with human subjects report reduced body weight and body fat, as well as increased fat oxidation and thermogenesis and thereby confirm findings in cell culture systems and animal models of obesity

L-arginine supplementation further decreased FM (P < 0.05) and waist circumference (P < 0.0001), preserving FFM (P < 0.03), and improved mean daily glucose profiles (P < 0.0001) and fructosamine (P < 0.03). Moreover, change in area under the curve of cGMP (second messenger of nitric oxide; P < 0.001), superoxide dismutase (index of antioxidant capacity; P < 0.01), and adiponectin levels (P < 0.02) increased, whereas basal endothelin-1 levels (P < 0.01) and leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (P < 0.05) decreased in the L-arginine group.

Testosterone therapy increases LBM, reduces fat mass and produces sustained and significant weight loss, reduction in waist circumference and BMI

Obesity and models of obesity induced by ingestion of HF-diet in rodents are associated with chronically elevated circulating levels of LPS

chronic low-dose administration of LPS induces leptin-resistance in vagal afferent neurons and abolition of CCK-induced inhibition of food intake

HF fat feeding has been shown to enhance gastrointestinal permeability promoting the translocation of LPS to the circulation