First, wearing masks is absolutely USELESS according to the science, now social distancing is useless. The scientists of the NIH, CDC are either terrible scientists or they have lied to us.
Activation of the innate immune system controls macronutrient metabolism
the innate immune response is the first line of defense against invading pathogens, wherein highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by cognate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs
many studies have supported the idea that cytokine signaling directly promotes insulin resistance
innate immune system may be causally linked to obesity
adipose tissue contains a substantial population of macrophages, and macrophage-driven adipose inflammation contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of obesity
Collectively, activation of the innate immune system is strongly associated with ASCVD, insulin resistance, and obesity, and recent evidence suggests that much of this association can be traced to a unique family of PRRs known as TLRs
TLRs are a family of type I transmembrane receptors, currently thought to comprise at least 13 members in mammals, that specifically recognize a variety of microbial PAMPs and trigger host cellular responses
Free SFAs have indeed been demonstrated to elicit TLR4-dependent and TLR2-dependent responses in several cell types.
Endogenous SFAs released from adipocytes activate cocultured macrophages via TLR4 [18], indicating the potential for cellular crosstalk in adipose tissue. Collectively, there is a growing body of evidence that SFAs promote, whereas long chain PUFA antagonize, TLR4-dependent and TLR2-dependent signaling in multiple cell models
In an elegant study, Shi et al. [16] demonstrated that SFAs activate TLR4-dependent signaling in both macrophages and adipocytes, and mice lacking TLR4 are protected against insulin resistance driven by intravenous lipid infusion
In addition to effects in macrophages and adipocytes, SFAs can activate TLR4 in the hypothalamus, which triggers a central inflammatory response that results in resistance to anorexigenic signals
endogenous SFAs can indeed promote innate immunity and inflammatory disease
This finding strongly supports the work of Hwang and coworkers [19–22] demonstrating that ω-3 PUFAs can effectively counteract SFA-induced TLR4 activation in cultured macrophages and dendritic cells.
saliva used to monitor stress of hypobaric and hypoxic pilots. Good correlation found to times of hypobaric and hypoxia stress, with pre and post return to normal levels found. Additionally, DHEA was found to be a component in the stress response of these pilots.
Whey protein should be a tool in every medical provider to combat obesity and type II Diabetes. The role? through improved insulin function: by interactions with cholecystokinin, peptide YY, incretins...
another article discusses the seasonal variation of testosterone. Again, testosterone levels are shown to be highest in the fall months and lowest during the summer months. This has been found to be the case in both sexes.
interesting study that showed that testosterone levels in men and women fluctuate seasonally. The highest levels are found in the fall for both sexes, but lowest during the summer. Interestingly, birth control eliminated these seasonal variations and resulted in a "flatter seasonal testosterone profile".
So, maybe mean cycle, but on a much different time scale? Interesting thought.
This article discusses there relationship of ER-beta and glucose homeostasis. In this study, low testosterone was associated with increased ER-beta expression. This resulted in down regulation of GLUT4 and the result is insulin resistance.
