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Nathan Goodyear

S-Adenosylmethionine Inhibits the Growth of Cancer Cells by Reversing the Hypomethylation Status of c-myc and H-ras in Human Gastric Cancer and Colon Cancer - 0 views

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    SAMe shown to resolve the hypomethylation status of oncogenes. This allows increased genetic expression.  By improving methylation with SAMe, we can reduce oncogenic expression and thus be a useful cancer therapy adjunct.
Nathan Goodyear

Regulation of 11beta-HSD genes in human adipose tis... [Obes Res. 2004] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    adipocytes increase genetic expression of 11beta-HSD. This increases local cortisol production from cortisone.  This plays a pivotal role in obesity.  Question:  would this play a role in peripheral hypothyroid?  I think so.
Nathan Goodyear

Combination L-T3 and L-T4... [Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2013] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    This article reviews the genetic polymorphisms that play role in low T4 to T3 conversion and thus combination T4/T3 therapy is indicated.  This study fails to recognize the environmental impacts on the deiodinase enzymes.
Nathan Goodyear

Curcumin Blocks the Activation of Androgen and Interlukin-6 on Prostate-Specific Antigen Expression in Human Prostatic Carcinoma Cells - Tsui - 2013 - Journal of Andrology - Wiley Online Library - 0 views

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    curcumin reduces the genetic expression of PSA from androgen dependent and androgen independent prostate cancer.
Nathan Goodyear

Sex Steroids and Prostate Carcinogenesis Integrated, Multifactorial Working Hypothesis - 0 views

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    The genesis of cancer is complex.  To simply say that cancer is genetic is both niave and uninformed.  This study displays the complexity of the timing of hormones and cancer genesis.  This rat study found that Estradiol added to Testosterone increased "markedly".  Estrogen plays a role in the genesis of prostate disease.  However, this varies among individuals.  The response of prostate cancer to estradiol appears to change according to the progression of the cancer.
Nathan Goodyear

Reversal of Maternal Programming of Stress Responses in Adult Offspring through Methyl Supplementation: Altering Epigenetic Marking Later in Life - 0 views

  • These results demonstrate that, despite the inherent stability of the epigenomic marks established early in life through behavioral programming, they are potentially reversible in the adult brain.
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    We are products of our genetics and our environment
Nathan Goodyear

Molecular mechanism links stress with predisposition for depression - 0 views

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    How you respond to stress is a reflection of your genetics and environment.  The bodies ability to express genes, such as the glial cell
Nathan Goodyear

Understanding and determining the etiology of auti... [Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2010] - PubMed result - 0 views

  • Worldwide, the rate of autism has been steadily rising.
  • Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 enzymes have also been linked to autism, specifically CYP27B1 that is essential for proper vitamin D metabolism
  • There are several environmental factors in concert with genetic susceptibilities that are contributing to this rise. Impaired methylation and mutations of mecp2 have been associated with autistic spectrum disorders, and related Rett syndrome.
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  • Other factors that have been considered include: maternally derived antibodies, maternal infection, heavy metal exposure, folic acid supplementation, epigenetics, measles, mumps, rubella vaccination, and even electromagnetic radiation.
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    Autism has many potential causes.  At the heart is poor detoxification
Nathan Goodyear

Urinary estrogen metabolites in women at high risk for breast cancer - 0 views

  • obesity has also been linked to preferential estrogen metabolism via the 16-alpha-hydroxylation pathway; thus, a prediction of the mechanism by which obesity could increase breast cancer risk would be through a lowering of the 2:16 ratio in favor of the 16 pathway
  • increased BMI was associated with a lower 2:16 OHE ratio
  • Our data show a significant association between alcohol use, defined as at least one drink per day or an average of seven per week, and 2:16 OHE ratio
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  • An alcohol-induced rise in estrogens as a consequence of alcohol catabolism in the liver has been reported
  • The only study that looked at the association between alcohol and wine consumption in healthy women did not report a clear association
  • smoking has been reported to increase induction of the 2-hydroxylation metabolic pathway (24). However, the few epidemiological studies conducted on healthy women showed no difference in estrogen metabolites with smoking status (22) or smoking dose (20), in line with our findings.
  • Family history of a first-degree family member with breast cancer confers a 2- to 4-fold risk of developing breast cancer
  • 16% of breast cancers are due to unidentified hereditary factors
  • Estrogen metabolism occurs through enzymes whose activity is determined by the presence of specific genetic polymorphisms, thus can be defined as unique to each individual.
  • the metabolism is also influenced by a number of environmental factors, which change over a lifetime
  • significantly lower 2:16 OHE ratio in women who have known breast cancer risk factors compared with healthy women
  • There was an additional significant association specifically with BMI and alcohol use, which also supports the evidence that these factors affect estrogen metabolism
  • Profiling estrogen metabolites may identify women who are more likely to develop breast cancer within a population of women with known risk factors
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    urinary estrogen metabolites shown to provide insight into breast cancer risk.  This study suggested that a low 2:16 OHE ratio increase breast cancer risk.
Nathan Goodyear

http://www.msma.org/docs/communications/momed/Excessive_Endurance_Exercise_and_Heart_Disease_MOMED_JulyAug2012.pdf - 0 views

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    great review of data on cardiac damage associated with extreme endurance training.  These EEEs, that they are called, are rare in those < 40 and usually involved genetic defects.  This article points to aggressive preventive testing in those > 50.
Nathan Goodyear

Testosterone level in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and related metabolic effects: A review of current evidence - 0 views

  • defined by consistent symptoms and signs of androgen deficiency, and an unequivocally low serum testosterone level
  • the threshold serum testosterone level below which adverse clinical outcomes occur in the general population is not known
  • most population-based studies use the serum testosterone level corresponding to the lower limit, quoted from 8.7 to 12.7&nbsp;nmol/L, of the normal range for young Caucasian men as the threshold
    • Nathan Goodyear
       
      this equals 251 to 366 in serum Total Testosterone
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  • Researchers tried to examine whether serum total or free testosterone would be a better/more reliable choice when studying the effect of testosterone. The results were mixed. Some reported significant associations of both serum total and free testosterone level with clinical parameters25, whereas others reported that only serum free testosterone26 or only serum total testosterone6 showed significant associations.
  • −0.124&nbsp;nmol/L/year in serum total testosterone
    • Nathan Goodyear
       
      this equates to a 4 ng/dl decline annually in total Testosterone.
  • In experimental studies, androgen receptor knockout mice developed significant insulin resistance rapidly
  • In mouse models, testosterone promoted differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to the myogenic lineage
  • testosterone decreased insulin resistance by enhancing catecholamine induced lipolysis in&nbsp;vitro, and reducing lipoprotein lipase activity and triglyceride uptake in human abdominal tissue in&nbsp;vivo
  • by promoting lipolysis and myogenesis, testosterone might lead to improved insulin resistance
  • testosterone regulated skeletal muscle genes involved in glucose metabolism that led to decreased systemic insulin resistance
  • In the liver, hepatic androgen receptor signaling inhibited development of insulin resistance in mice
  • independent and inverse association of testosterone with hepatic steatosis shown in a cross-sectional study carried out in humans
  • In short, androgen improves insulin resistance by changing body composition and reducing body fat.
  • Although a low serum testosterone level could contribute to the development of obesity and type&nbsp;2 diabetes through changes in body composition, obesity might also alter the metabolism of testosterone
  • In obese men, the peripheral conversion from testosterone to estrogen could attenuate the amplitude of luteinizing hormone pulses and centrally inhibit testosterone production
  • leptin, an adipokine, has been shown to be inversely correlated with serum testosterone level in men
  • Leydig cells expressed leptin receptors and leptin has been shown to inhibit testosterone secretion, suggesting a role of obesity and leptin in the pathogenesis of low testosterone
    • Nathan Goodyear
       
      So what is "unequivocal"?
  • Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) cohort made up of 3,565 middle-class, mostly Caucasian men from the USA, the incidence of low serum total testosterone increased from approximately 20% of men aged over 60&nbsp;years, 30% over 70&nbsp;years, to 50% over 80&nbsp;years-of-age
  • 30–44% sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)-bound testosterone and 54–68% albumin-bound testosterone
  • As the binding of testosterone to albumin is non-specific and therefore not tight, the sum of free and albumin-bound testosterone is named bioavailable testosterone, which reflects the hormone available at the cellular level
  • Serum total testosterone is composed of 0.5–3.0% of free testosterone unbound to plasma proteins
  • alterations in SHBG concentration might affect total serum testosterone level without altering free or bioavailable testosterone
  • listed in Table​T
  • A significant, independent and longitudinal effect of age on testosterone has been observed with an average change of −0.124&nbsp;nmol/L/year in serum total testosterone28. The same trend has been shown in Europe and Australia
  • Asian men residing in HK and Japan, but not those living in the USA, had 20% higher serum total testosterone than in Caucasians living in the USA, as shown in a large multinational observational prospective cohort of the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study
  • subjects with chronic diseases consistently had a 10–15% lower level compared with age-matched healthy subjects
  • In Caucasians, the mean serum total testosterone level for men in large epidemiological studies has been reported to range from 15.1 to 16.6&nbsp;nmol/L
  • Asians, higher values, ranging from 18.1 to 19.1&nbsp;nmol/L, were seen in Korea and Japan
  • Chinese middle-aged men reported a similar mean serum testosterone level of 17.1&nbsp;nmol/L in 179 men who had a family history of type&nbsp;2 diabetes and 17.8&nbsp;nmol/L in 128 men who had no family history of type&nbsp;2 diabetes
  • The reduction of total testosterone was 0.4% per year in both groups
  • HK involving a cohort of 1,489 community-dwelling men with a mean age of 72&nbsp;years, a mean serum total testosterone of 19.0&nbsp;nmol/L was reported
  • pro-inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α in the testes, could locally inhibit testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells47, and testosterone treatment in men was shown to reduce the level of tumor necrosis factor-α
  • In Asians, a genetic deletion polymorphism of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B17 was associated with reduced androgen glucuronidation. This resulted in higher level of active androgen in Asians as compared to Caucasians, as Caucasians' androgen would be glucuronidated into inactive forms faster.
  • Compared with Caucasians, the frequency of this deletion polymorphism of UGT2B17 was 22-fold higher in Asian subjects
  • Other researchers have suggested that environmental, but not genetic, factors influenced serum total testosterone
  • The basal and ligand-induced activity of the AR is inversely associated with the length of the CAG repeat chain
  • In the European Male Aging Study, increased estrogen/androgen ratio in association with longer AR CAG repeat was observed
  • a smaller number of AR CAG repeat had been shown to be associated with benign prostate hypertrophy and faster prostate growth during testosterone treatment
  • In India, men with CAG ≤19 had increased risk of prostate cancer
  • the odds of having a short CAG repeat (≤17) were substantially higher in patients with lymph node-positive prostate cancer than in those with lymph node-negative disease or in the general population
  • assessing the polymorphism at the AR level could be a potential tool towards individualized assessment and treatment of hypogonadism.
  • In elderly men, there was reduced testicular response to gonadotropins with suppressed and altered pulsatility of the hypothalamic pulse generator
  • a significant, independent and longitudinal effect of age on serum total testosterone level had been observed
  • A significant graded inverse association between serum testosterone level and insulin levels independent of age has also been reported in Caucasian men
  • Low testosterone is commonly associated with a high prevalence of MES
  • most studies showed that changes in serum testosterone level led to changes in body composition, insulin resistance and the presence of MES, the reverse might also be possible
  • MES predicted a 2.6-fold increased risk of development of low serum testosterone level independent of age, smoking and other potential confounders
  • Other prospective studies have shown that development of MES accelerated the age-related decline in serum testosterone level
  • In men with type&nbsp;2 diabetes, changes in serum testosterone level over time correlated inversely with changes in insulin resistance
  • weight loss by either diet control or bariatric surgery led to a substantial increase in total testosterone, especially in morbidly obese men, and the rise in serum testosterone level was proportional to the amount of weight lost
  • To date, published clinical trials are small, of short duration and often used pharmacological, not physiological, doses of testosterone
  • In the population-based Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study cohort from Sweden, men in the highest quartile of serum testosterone level had the lowest risk of cardiovascular events compared with men in the other three quartiles (hazard ratio [HR] 0.70
  • low serum total testosterone was associated with a significant fourfold higher risk of cardiovascular events when comparing men from the lowest testosterone tertile with those in the highest tertile
  • Shores et&nbsp;al. were the first to report that low serum testosterone level, including both serum total and free testosterone, was associated with increased mortality
  • low serum total testosterone predicted increased risk of cardiovascular mortality with a HR of 1.38
  • low serum total testosterone increased all-cause (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.13–1.62, P&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.25
  • European Association for the Study of Diabetes 2013 suggested there was an inverse relationship between serum testosterone level and acute myocardial infarction
  • Diabetic men in the highest quartile of serum total testosterone had a significantly reduced risk of acute MI when compared with those in the lower quartiles
  • serum total testosterone level in the middle two quartiles at baseline predicted reduced incidence of death compared with having the highest and lowest levels
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    Nice review of Testosterone levels and some of the evidence linking Diabetes with low T.  However, the conclusion by the authors regarding what is causing the low T in men with Diabetes is baffling.  The literature does not point to one cause, it is clearly multifactorial--obesity, inflammation, high aromatase activity...I would suggest the authors continue their readings in the manner.
Nathan Goodyear

Substantial contribution of extrinsic risk factors to cancer development : Nature - 0 views

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    Study finds that 70-80% of cancers are caused from "extrinsic factors".  This includes radiation, diet, smoking...  With genetics maybe marketing-based medicine has been barking up the wrong tree for prevention.  
Nathan Goodyear

Oncolytic viruses as engineering platforms for combination immunotherapy | Nature Reviews Cancer - 0 views

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    Only abstract available here, but good opinion piece on the future, here and now, in the field of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer-oncolytic virus. Of course, they focus on the genetic altered virus', yet an unaltered enterovirus currently exists on the market.
Nathan Goodyear

Adenoid cystic carcinoma: current therapy and potential therapeutic advances based on genomic profiling - 0 views

  • Cisplatin and 5-FU or CAP (cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) regimens can be used for combination chemotherapy
  • patients with advanced salivary gland malignancy treated with the CAP regimen achieved partial response (PR) or stable disease (SD) rates of 67% (8 out of 12 patients)
  • Agents commonly given as monotherapy for treating ACC are cisplatin, mitoxantrone, epirubicin, vinorelbine, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine. However, few of these agents have shown efficacy
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  • single agent mitoxantrone or vinorelbine were recommended as reasonable choices
  • ACC is subdivided into 3 histological groups based on solid components of the tumor including cribriform, tubular, and solid
  • Cribriform and tubular ACCs usually exhibit a more indolent course, whereas the solid subtype is associated with worse prognosis
  • ACC consists of two different cell types: inner luminal epithelial cells and outer myoepithelial cells
  • epithelial cells express c-kit, cox-2 and Bcl-2
  • myoepithelial cells express EGFR and MYB
  • a balanced translocation of the v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog-nuclear factor I/B (MYB-NFIB) is considered to be a signature molecular event of ACC oncogenesis
  • As a transcription factor, MYB is known to modulate multiple genetic downstream targets involved in oncogenesis, such as cox-2, c-kit, Bcl-2 and BclX
  • Various signaling cascades are essential for cancer cells to survive and grow. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is one of them
  • This pathway regulates cell survival and growth and is upregulated in many cancers
  • Mutations in genes associated with DNA repair are frequently found in familial cancer syndromes, such as hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC), hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, also called Lynch syndrome) and Li-Fraumeni syndrome [30, 31]. These mutations were also reported in non-hereditary cancers
  • 70% of ACC samples (58 of 84) were found to have genetic alterations in the MYB/MYC pathway, indicating that changes in this pathway are crucial in ACC pathogenesis
  • The second most frequently mutated pathway was involved in chromatin remodeling (epigenetic modification), a pathway that includes multiple histone related proteins, and was altered in 44% of samples
  • C-kit
  • VEGF, iNOS and NF-κB were noted to be highly expressed in ACC cells as compared to normal salivary gland cells
  • members of the SOX family, such as SOX 4 and SOX10, are overexpressed in ACC
  • FABP7 (Fatty acid binding protein 7) and AQP1 (Aquaporin 1) tend to be overexpressed in ACC cell lines
  • considerable variability in HER2 overexpression ranging from 0–58% in patients with ACC
  • the study with cetuximab and concurrent chemoradiation or chemotherapy showed the highest ORR (total 43%, 9.5% CR and 33% PR), but this regimen was only given to the EGFR positive patients
  • Cancer immunotherapy can be classified into 3 major groups. Active immunization using anti-tumor vaccines to induce and recruit T cells, passive immunization based on monoclonal antibodies, and adoptive cell transfer to expand tumor-reactive autologous T cells ex vivo and then reintroduce these cells into the same individual
  • LAK cells showed cytotoxicity against ACC cells
  • cytokine-induced cell apoptosis and the cytotoxic effect of the LAK cells contributed to tumor regression
  • molecular finding of the MYB-NFIB fusion gene has the greatest potential to target what appears to be a fundamental event in disease pathogenesis
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    good review of adenoid cystic carcinoma
Rahul Sharma

Northern, Southern, Western Blotting Membrane | Axiva - 0 views

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    Buy Northern, Southern and Western Blotting Membrane at best price with Axiva. A blot, in molecular biology and genetics, is a method of transferring proteins, DNA or RNA, on to a carrier.
Nathan Goodyear

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23792166_Genome-Wide_Association_Study_of_Plasma_Polyunsaturated_Fatty_Acids_in_the_InCHIANTI_Study - 0 views

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    Only abstract available here. Good discussion of PUFA interactions with different genetic SNPs i.e. ELOVL2 and FADS1/2...
Nathan Goodyear

Epigenetic changes in blood leukocytes following an omega-3 fatty acid supplementation - 0 views

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    Epigenetic and really nutrigenomics: 6 week study of 3 gram omega 3 intake induced methylation changes.  Get that?  Only 6 weeks of omega 3 intake induces a change in genetic expression.
Nathan Goodyear

Human cytomegalovirus in high grade serous ovarian cancer possible implications for patients survival - 0 views

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    CMV plays role in ovarian cancer. EBV, HPV have shown to play role in other cancers. The likely mechanism is via genetic incorporation of viral genome into the cancer genome.
Nathan Goodyear

http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/44127089/A_global_survey_of_the_role_of_ultraviol20160326-31855-136v802.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJ56TQJRTWSMTNPEA&Expires=1476821298&Signature=XVrPzprTWOjqwaf2S2S2W5rDkPE%3D&response-content-disposition=inline% - 0 views

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    good review of survey on melasma and the genetic, hormonal, and UV contribution.
Nathan Goodyear

Dietary carbohydrate modification induces alterations in gene expression in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in persons with the metabolic syn... - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    Nutrition and Epigenetics.  Study finds diffenet carb sources in diet effect different genetic expression.
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