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Individuals with obesity and type II Diabetes been found to have significantly different gut bacteria populations compared to healthy individuals.  This is not new information.  The firmicutes:bacteroidetes ratio has been long known to be elevated in obese individuals vs those that are lean.  The question here is cause and effect.  Is the change in the bacterial population leading to obesity and type II diabetes?  Or is diabetes and obesity leading to changes in the bacterial population?  A heavy-laden carb diet is know to lead to a change to a more unhealthy gut bacterial population--maybe it is just a product of diet?  Maybe it is effected by vaginal delivery vs cesarean delivery?  Maybe breast feeding plays a role.  Maybe, all the above is required. The point is that the cause of obesity and type II diabetes may have its origins deep, deep in the...well you know. http://ow.ly/yqDML 

High protein intake associated with increased type II Diabetes.  Many take in too much protein and actually need to increase fat and fiber rich carbs.

pro-longed training and electrolyte/carb containing drinks

Glucose increases fructose production in the liver through unregulated polyol pathway activity.  This aids the development of metabolic syndrome.  Carb restriction is important!  It is not just about what you give the body, but what the body does with it.

Macronutrients provide some difference in cortisol production.  Carbs, in this study, were found to increase adrenal and extra-adrenal equally, whereas fats/proteins stimulated adrenal cortisol more than extra-adrenal.

2011 article on the benefits of a ketogenic diet in the treatment of cancer.

Carb restriction is still the best single intervention for metabolic syndrome and diabetes.  This article reviews the evidence.

low carb, high fat, ketogenic diet outperformed low calorie diet in people with type II diabetes

Only abstract available here.  Article looked at the evidence of daily carb intake for levels of training: low training-3-5 g/kg; moderate training (1h)-5-7 g/kg; endurance training (1-3h)-6-10 g/kg; extreme endurance (>4-5h)-8-12 g/kg   

low carb ketogenic diet, high in fat worked better in glycemic control versus DA low fat, medium carbohydrate, calorie restricted diet.

only abstract available here. early high glycemic carbs benefit fast glycogen restoration.  Adding protein at 0.3 g/kg aids glycogen restoration.

low carb ketogenic diet outperforms low glycemic index in diabetes.

Nutrition and Epigenetics.  Study finds diffenet carb sources in diet effect different genetic expression.

low carb diet found to benefit atherosclerosis and lipid abnormalities (Triglycerides, HDL, and LDL particle size).  Interesting enough, no significant weight loss was seen.

Weight loss is the best positive effect for women with PCOS.  Higher fat and protein, with a lower carb diet benefited women with PCOS.  A low Glycemic index plan benefited women with PCOS.  

Ketogenic diet (low carb/high fats) slows malignant melanoma proliferation no matter the genomic mutations present. It matches with most BRAF+ as this points to increased GLUT1 expression.

low carbohydrate diet found to improve glucose and insulin function in those obese with type II diabetes

Nice study, the DIRECT study, found a better weight loss and longer maintenance of weight loss in low carbohydrate diet compared to low fat diet and mediterranean diet.  

Nutrition for ultra endurance.  To be read.

only a small study, but ketogenic diet in those with type II DM resulted in improved glycemic control and elimination of meds in most cases.