Interesting presentation of 2 case studies where by mifepristone was used in the treatment of late stage colo-rectal cancer. The authors even propose a potential mechanism where by inhibition of progesterone signaling resulted in increased NK activity.
In a December 1996 article in the Journal of the American Medical Association, Dr. Larry Clark presented evidence that supplemental selenium could reduce cancer death rates by as much as 50%
patients receiving selenium had a 67% decrease in cancer of the prostate, a 58 percent decrease in colon or rectal cancer and a 45% decrease in lung cancer
An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) by Clark et al. (1996) showed that 200 mcg of supplemental selenium a day reduced overall cancer mortality by 50% in humans compared to a placebo group not receiving supplemental selenium
In a recent five-year study of nearly 30,000 rural Chinese people, researchers from the NCI found that daily doses of these three nutrients reduced cancer deaths by 13%.
In a study in Cancer Letters (Evangelou et al. 1997), animals with malignant tumors given high doses of vitamins C and E and selenium manifested a significant prolongation of the mean survival time. Complete remission of tumors developed in 16.8% of the animals
cities and states with high selenium content in the soil also had significantly lower rates of cancer, especially of the digestive and urinary systems.
In one study of hundreds of men, a daily intake of 200 micrograms of selenium cut the incidence of prostate cancer by 60 percent.
The statistics for breast cancer are particularly striking. "The higher the selenium, the lower the breast cancer
In Yugoslavia, scientists studied 33 patients with breast cancer. These women had selenium levels in their bloodstream only half those of healthy volunteers.
The overall reduction in cancer incidence was 37% in the selenium-supplemented group; a 50% reduction in cancer mortality was observed over a 10-year period
The following are the site-specific reductions in cancer incidence observed in the study: colon-rectal cancers (58%), lung cancer (46%), and prostate cancer (63%)
A selenium deficiency appears to increase the risk of prostate cancer fourfold to fivefold
It was determined that, as the male population ages, selenium levels decrease, paralleling an increase in prostate cancer
Treatment of exercise-associated hyponatremia with hypertonic IV infusion to correct plasma sodium levels is also a standard and accepted use of IV fluid infusions
athletes who present for medical care with hypernatremia who cannot tolerate oral fluids can benefit from IV fluids
Vaporization of sweat accounts for 80% of heat loss in hot, dry atmospheric conditions. This mechanism of water loss is the major contributor for exercise-associated dehydration
The rate of water loss can be quantified through measurement of sweat rate
Pre- and postexercise body weight measurements are the most common means to estimate overall water loss but are condition specific
It appears that 1% to 2% body weight loss is well tolerated by the exercising athlete
Dehydration, defined as greater than 2% loss of body weight, can negatively affect performance
In highly trained endurance athletes, plasma volume and sodium serum concentration were preserved despite a 5% body weight loss
In Ironman triathletes, dehydration to 5% body weight loss did not correlate with occurrence of medical complications
hydration should begin hours prior to exercise, especially if known deficits are present, and fluids should be consumed at a slow, steady rate, with 5 to 7 mL/kg taken 4 hours prior to exercise
Sodium concentration did not produce significant changes in the rate of absorption but was primarily dependent on carbohydrate concentration
Replacing 150% of body weight loss over 60 minutes has been tolerated without complications
IV treatment of severe dehydration (>7% body weight loss), exertional heat illness, nausea, emesis, or diarrhea, and in those who cannot ingest oral fluids for other reasons, is clinically indicated
A recent survey of the National Football League teams revealed that 75% (24 of 32) of the teams utilized IV infusion of fluids for prehydration in at least some otherwise healthy individuals
In the National Football League, an average of 1.5 L of normal saline was administered approximately 2.5 hours prior to competition
after 2 hours of exercise, the rectal temperature was 0.6° higher in the group not receiving IV infusion. Also, stroke volume and cardiac output were 11% to 16% lower in the control group versus the IV infusion group.
Recent evidence suggests the etiology of EAMC is related to muscle fatigue and neuronal excitability
no correlation between hydration status or electrolyte concentrations with EAMC
there may be a subset of muscle cramping that is associated with a loss of both body fluid and sodium
Glycerol is the primary agent for oral hyperhydration
elevation of plasma volume by 200 to 300 mL via dextran infusion resulted in 15% increase in stroke volume, 4% increase in VO2 max, and an increase in the exercise time to fatigue
Neither the tonicity nor mode of hydration resulted in improved speed of rehydration, greater fluid retention, or improved performance
There are beneficial anecdotal reports of EAMC treatment in elite and professional-level athletes with IV hydration during the course of an event
Plasma volume was better restored during rehydration with IV fluids at preexercise and 5 minutes of exercise. At 15 minutes, there was no difference between IV and oral rehydration
More rapid restoration of plasma volume was accomplished in the IV treatment group with no advantages over oral rehydration in physiological strain, heat tolerance, ratings of perceived effort, or thermal sensations
No difference was found in exercise time to exhaustion. IV and oral rehydration methods were equally effective. Heart rates were statistically higher in the oral rehydration group through 75 minutes of exercise, and there were higher increases in norepinephrine plasma concentrations
No significant differences between the groups were found for time to recovery, number of days with pain, number of days with stiffness, sleep disturbance, fatigue, rectal temperature, and loss of appetite
The current data suggest that IV rehydration is faster than oral
There may be physiological benefits of decreased heart rate and norepinephrine in athletes rehydrated via IV route
Postexercise blood 1 hour and 24 hours showed no differences in circulating myoglobin or creatine kinase
The use of IV fluid may be beneficial for a subset of fluid sensitive athletes
this should be reserved for high-level athletes with strong histories of symptoms in well-monitored settings.
Volume expanders may also be beneficial for some athletes
The authors are referencing the increase in the suggestions to use other testing techniques i.e. saliva.
Testosterone therapy can inhibit hepcidin transcription and is associated with increased iron incorporation into red blood cells and increased erythropoietin concentrations
Transdermal TRT has a more favorable adverse effect profile when compared to buccal testosterone formulations
Approximately 0.3% of testosterone is converted into estradiol by aromatase (CYP19A1)
the recommendation for injectable testosterone esters is to check the serum concentration midway between injections
it is recommended for serum testosterone to be evaluated 3 to 12 hours after application of the transdermal patch
testosterone concentrations should be checked 2–3 months after initiation of therapy and after adjusting the dose
a study from 1989 utilizing testosterone transdermally containing 5, 10, or 15 mg of testosterone showed that peak concentrations of testosterone were achieved 3 to 8 hours after scrotal application in hypogonadal men
It is used for many medications and has the advantage of high bioavailability, absence of hepatic first pass metabolism, increased therapeutic efficacy, and steadiness of plasma concentrations of the drug
evaluate serum testosterone at the end of the dosing interval for testosterone pellets
increased amount of fat leads to increased extragonadal aromatase activity, resulting in increased concentrations of estradiol. High circulating concentrations of estradiol down regulate the HPG axis and decrease the amount of circulating testosterone
Up to 80% of plasma estradiol originates from aromatization of testosterone and less than 20% of estradiol in the circulation is secreted by the testes
A PSA concentration, digital rectal examination, and hematocrit should be performed at baseline and at 3 months, 6 months, then yearly after TRT is initiated.
measure serum testosterone any time after the patient has been on treatment with gel for at least 1 week
If the hematocrit rises above 54%, treatment should be discontinued
elderly men having higher estradiol serum concentrations than postmenopausal women
People with Streptococcus gallolyticus found to be associated with higher incidence of colon polyps. This in light of the known association between Steptococcus gallolyticus and colorectal cancer puts a target on Steptococcus gallolyticus in those at risk for colorectal cancer.
Increased survival seen in those with breast cancer that walk 3 hours weekly. In colorectal cancer, a decrease in mortality was seen in walking 6 hours weekly.
The gut microbiota participates in the body’s metabolism by affecting energy balance, glucose metabolism, and low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders
Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes represent the two largest phyla in the human and mouse microbiota and a shift in the ratio of these phyla has been associated with many disease conditions, including obesity
In obese humans, there is decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes compared to lean individuals
weight loss in obese individuals results in an increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes
there is conflicting evidence on the composition of the obese microbiota phenotype with regards to Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes ratios
Bifidobacteria spp. from the phyla Actinobacteria, has been shown to be depleted in both obese mice and human subjects
While it is not yet clear which specific microbes are inducing or preventing obesity, evidence suggests that the microbiota is a factor.
targeted manipulation of the microbiota results in divergent metabolic outcomes depending on the composition of the diet
The microbiota has been linked to insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes (T2D) via metabolic syndrome and indeed the microbiota of individuals with T2D is also characterized by an increased Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, as well as an increase in Bacillus and Lactobacillus spp
It was also observed that the ratio of Bacteriodes-Prevotella to C. coccoides-E. rectale positively correlated with glucose levels but did not correlate with body mass index [80]. This suggests that the microbiota may influence T2D in conjunction with or independently of obesity
In humans, high-fat Western-style diets fed to individuals over one month can induce a 71% increase in plasma levels of endotoxins, suggesting that endotoxemia may develop in individuals with GI barrier dyfunction connected to dysbiosis
LPS increases macrophage infiltration essential for systemic inflammation preceding insulin resistance, LPS alone does not impair glucose metabolism
early treatment of dysbiosis may slow down or prevent the epidemic of metabolic diseases and hence the corresponding lethal cardiovascular consequences
increased Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidetes, which is the microbial profile found in lean phenotypes, along with an increase in Bifidobacteria spp. and Lactobacillus spp
mouse and rat models of T1D have been shown to have microbiota marked by decreased diversity and decreased Lactobacillus spp., as well as a decrease in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio
microbial antigens through the innate immune system are involved in T1D progression
The microbiota appears to be essential in maintaining the Th17/Treg cell balance in intestinal tissues, mesenteric and pancreatic lymph nodes, and in developing insulitis, although progression to overt diabetes has not been shown to be controlled by the microbiota
There is evidence that dietary and microbial antigens independently influence T1D
Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 protects BB-rats from T1D by mediating intestinal barrier function and inflammation [101,102] and a combination probiotic VSL#3 has been shown to attenuate insulitis and diabetes in NOD mice
breast fed infants have higher levels of Bifidobacteria spp. while formula fed infants have higher levels of Bacteroides spp., as well as increased Clostridium coccoides and Lactobacillus spp
the composition of the gut microbiota strongly correlates with diet
In mice fed a diet high in fat, there are many key gut population changes, such as the absence of gut barrier-protecting Bifidobacteria spp
diet has a dominating role in shaping gut microbiota and changing key populations may transform healthy gut microbiota into a disease-inducing entity
“Western” diet, which is high in sugar and fat, causes dysbiosis which affects both host GI tract metabolism and immune homeostasis
Study finds ER-beta plays more significant role in the development of Colon cancer than ER-alpha in women. HRT in women reduces colon cancer risk in comparison to breast, which is increased. Shows the different tissue expression of ER-alpha and ER-beta, as well as the HRT itself.