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The Role of Vitamin C in Human Immunity and Its Treatment Potential Against COVID-19: A... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC9925039 COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 COVID WBC ascorbic acid vitamin C
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23 - No Cached
  • vitamins A, B, C, E, B6, B12, folate, zinc, iron, copper, and selenium
  • White blood cells, including neutrophils and monocytes, accumulate concentrations of vitamin C up to 100 times greater than that of plasma
  • Vitamin C is a crucial component of both the innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) portions of the immune system
  • ...52 more annotations...
  • play a role during the initial chemotactic response of neutrophils shortly after infection
  • following vitamin C supplementation, a 20% increase in neutrophil chemotactic activity was observed
  • also contributes to the phagocytosis and killing of microbes by neutrophils
  • low levels of vitamin C occurring in high-stress situations
  • maturation, proliferation, and viability of T cells have all been shown to be upregulated by the presence of normal physiologic concentrations of vitamin C
  • Vitamin C has been shown to directly affect the number of Igs released from B cells
  • vitamin C among healthy young adult males showed a significant increase in serum levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM
  • effects of high-dose vitamin C on cytokine levels in cancer patients, finding decreased amounts of the cytokines Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-2, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) after high-dose vitamin C infusion
  • when vitamin C was supplemented with vitamin E in healthy adults, it increased the production of cytokines IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha
  • vitamin C acts to modulate the levels of cytokines to prevent them from fluctuating in either direction
  • vitamin C also acts as an important antioxidant to the cells of the immune system.
  • human leukocytes, neutrophils, in particular, possess the ability to transport the oxidized form of vitamin C across its membrane to use as a defense mechanism against ROS produced during an immune response
  • Vitamin C also can recover other endogenous antioxidants in the body such as vitamin E and glutathione, returning them to their active state
  • vitamin C can decrease the activation of NF-kB
  • can reduce harmful nitrogen-based compounds such as N-nitrosamines and nitrosamides, both of which are carcinogenic 
  • subjects taking oral vitamin C supplementation saw a 60% to 90% reduction in oxidative stress compared to a placebo control
  • subjects infused with vitamin C alone had a 516% increase in glutathione levels compared to subjects not provided the 500 mg daily supplementation
  • hydroxylating proline and lysine
  • mature and stabilize the tissue of a healing wound
  • healing
  • oral surgery
  • improved soft tissue regeneration
  • vitamin C increases the mRNA levels of type I and type III collagen in the human dermis
  • Studies have demonstrated that those with low levels of vitamin C are at a significantly higher risk of respiratory infection compared to those with normal levels
  • viral cold duration was reduced by about 8% in adults and 13.5% in children using prophylactic daily doses of 200 mg of oral vitamin C
  • prophylactically supplementing vitamin C decreases the risk of infection with respiratory viruses such as the common cold
  • combined with probiotics, oral vitamin C supplementation showed a 33% decrease in the incidence of respiratory tract infections in preschool-age children [
  • high-dose oral supplementation of vitamin C managed to prevent or reduce symptoms if taken before or just after the onset of cold- or flu-like symptoms
  • improvements in oxygen saturation and decreased IL-6 levels (a marker of inflammation) in the treatment group compared to the control group
  • 8 g doses of oral vitamin C
  • there is a negative correlation between age and serum levels of vitamin C
  • Patients with COVID-19 will likely also experience depletion in serum levels of vitamin C as a direct result of the upregulation of the immune system to combat the infection
  • Colunga et al. suggested that oral vitamin C can be combined with oral Quercetin, an antiviral flavonoid, to improve Quercetin’s ability to block viral membrane fusion of SARS-CoV-2
  • high doses of 1-2 g/day of oral vitamin C could prevent other upper respiratory infections
  • It appears vitamin C supplementation by itself does not provide a striking benefit in preventing COVID-19 infection for those without a deficiency
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23
       
      Flawed statement. What is normal? Vitamin D. Many variables effect levels and dose, including the two compartment kinetics and absorption.
  • Hiedra et al. were able to show decreases in inflammatory biomarkers, such as D-dimer and ferritin
  • some evidence to support that prophylactic use of vitamin C helps reduce the severity of respiratory infection symptoms once a subject has already been infected
  • oral vitamin C in combination with zinc provided the largest amount of antibody titers 42 days
  • linear relationship between days of vitamin C therapy and survival duration
  • other studies were unable to find any definitive improvement concerning therapy with vitamin C
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23
       
      Either these studies are designed to fail or the authors are lacking some basic understanding of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with vitamin C.
  • Fowler et al. aimed to see if a high-dose vitamin C infusion would benefit patients affected by ARDS, but they were unable to conclude that vitamin C infusion, compared to a placebo, could decrease vascular inflammation and damage in ARDS
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23
       
      At what dose, duration, frequency???
  • in a sample of 67 COVID-19-positive ICU patients, 82% of them displayed plasma vitamin C levels below 0.4 mg/dL
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23
       
      They are kind of make the point from my earlier note.
  • continuous vitamin C infusion at a rate of 60 mg/kg/day for four days decreased the need for mechanical ventilation and vasopressor use but had no significant effect on overall mortality
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23
       
      Again, designed to fail or ignorance designed the study which failed
  • Carr et al. suggested that high-dose IV vitamin C is most effective when treating sepsis as septic patients receiving the normal daily recommendations through diet still showed decreased vitamin C levels
  • High-dose IV vitamin C treatment has also been shown by Kakodkar et al. to decrease syndecan-1, an endothelial glycocalyx that contributes to mortality in septic patients
  • combined with hydrocortisone and thiamine, septic patients treated with 1.5 g of IV vitamin C every six hours showed a distinct decrease in their SOFA scores and none of the patients treated developed organ failure
  • combined with hydrocortisone and thiamine, septic patients treated with 1.5 g of IV vitamin C every six hours showed a distinct decrease in their SOFA scores and none of the patients treated developed organ failure
  • reduced overall mortality
  • reduced overall mortality
  • propose the use for high-dose vitamin C to aid in the treatment of septic shock-induced hypotension
  • treatment of severe sepsis using a high dose (up to 200 mg/kg/day) of IV vitamin C was explored in phase I, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial by Fowler et al. [75]. Their findings included a reduction in SOFA scores and decreased vascular injury compared to a placebo control group, all while showing minimal adverse side effects
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23
       
      High dose here is laughable. Again, duration and frequency also.
  • Maintaining a daily intake of 75 and 100 mg for men and women, respectively, as recommended by the U.S. Institute of Medicine
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23
       
      This recommendation is FRANK IGNORANCE
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Oral estrogen antagonizes the metabolic actions of growth hormone in growth hormone-def... - 0 views

ajpendo.physiology.org/...E1191.long oral estrogen oral estrogen HGH human growth hormone growth hormone IGF-1 hormone hormones therapy
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 19 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 19 Feb 13
     
    One really wonders if estrogen should ever be given orally at all.  Though this study is small, this is consistent with other studies that show that estrogen therapy, particularly oral therapy interferes with growth hormone signaling and thus action.  Oral estrogen decreases IGF-1, increases growth hormone binding protein, lowers metabolism and reduces protein metabolism as monitored by leucine turnover.
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Intravenous Fluid Use in Athletes - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3435915 IV intravenous fluid nutrition athletes athlete sports medicine sports exercise
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 Jan 15 - No Cached
  • Treatment of exercise-associated hyponatremia with hypertonic IV infusion to correct plasma sodium levels is also a standard and accepted use of IV fluid infusions
  • athletes who present for medical care with hypernatremia who cannot tolerate oral fluids can benefit from IV fluids
  • Vaporization of sweat accounts for 80% of heat loss in hot, dry atmospheric conditions. This mechanism of water loss is the major contributor for exercise-associated dehydration
  • ...30 more annotations...
  • The rate of water loss can be quantified through measurement of sweat rate
  • Pre- and postexercise body weight measurements are the most common means to estimate overall water loss but are condition specific
  • It appears that 1% to 2% body weight loss is well tolerated by the exercising athlete
  • Dehydration, defined as greater than 2% loss of body weight, can negatively affect performance
  • In highly trained endurance athletes, plasma volume and sodium serum concentration were preserved despite a 5% body weight loss
  • In Ironman triathletes, dehydration to 5% body weight loss did not correlate with occurrence of medical complications
  • hydration should begin hours prior to exercise, especially if known deficits are present, and fluids should be consumed at a slow, steady rate, with 5 to 7 mL/kg taken 4 hours prior to exercise
  • Sodium concentration did not produce significant changes in the rate of absorption but was primarily dependent on carbohydrate concentration
  • Replacing 150% of body weight loss over 60 minutes has been tolerated without complications
  • IV treatment of severe dehydration (>7% body weight loss), exertional heat illness, nausea, emesis, or diarrhea, and in those who cannot ingest oral fluids for other reasons, is clinically indicated
  • A recent survey of the National Football League teams revealed that 75% (24 of 32) of the teams utilized IV infusion of fluids for prehydration in at least some otherwise healthy individuals
  • In the National Football League, an average of 1.5 L of normal saline was administered approximately 2.5 hours prior to competition
  • after 2 hours of exercise, the rectal temperature was 0.6° higher in the group not receiving IV infusion. Also, stroke volume and cardiac output were 11% to 16% lower in the control group versus the IV infusion group.
  • Recent evidence suggests the etiology of EAMC is related to muscle fatigue and neuronal excitability
  • no correlation between hydration status or electrolyte concentrations with EAMC
  • there may be a subset of muscle cramping that is associated with a loss of both body fluid and sodium
  • Glycerol is the primary agent for oral hyperhydration
  • elevation of plasma volume by 200 to 300 mL via dextran infusion resulted in 15% increase in stroke volume, 4% increase in VO2 max, and an increase in the exercise time to fatigue
  • Neither the tonicity nor mode of hydration resulted in improved speed of rehydration, greater fluid retention, or improved performance
  • There are beneficial anecdotal reports of EAMC treatment in elite and professional-level athletes with IV hydration during the course of an event
  • Plasma volume was better restored during rehydration with IV fluids at preexercise and 5 minutes of exercise. At 15 minutes, there was no difference between IV and oral rehydration
  • More rapid restoration of plasma volume was accomplished in the IV treatment group with no advantages over oral rehydration in physiological strain, heat tolerance, ratings of perceived effort, or thermal sensations
  • No difference was found in exercise time to exhaustion. IV and oral rehydration methods were equally effective. Heart rates were statistically higher in the oral rehydration group through 75 minutes of exercise, and there were higher increases in norepinephrine plasma concentrations
  • No significant differences between the groups were found for time to recovery, number of days with pain, number of days with stiffness, sleep disturbance, fatigue, rectal temperature, and loss of appetite
  • The current data suggest that IV rehydration is faster than oral
  • There may be physiological benefits of decreased heart rate and norepinephrine in athletes rehydrated via IV route
  • Postexercise blood 1 hour and 24 hours showed no differences in circulating myoglobin or creatine kinase
  • The use of IV fluid may be beneficial for a subset of fluid sensitive athletes
  • this should be reserved for high-level athletes with strong histories of symptoms in well-monitored settings.
  • Volume expanders may also be beneficial for some athletes
  • Nathan Goodyear on 13 Jan 15
     
    to be read
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2min2x Tooth Brushing Facts for Kids - 0 views

vegasdentist.tumblr.com/...try-for-kids-promote-good-oral special needs dentistry baby dentist childrens dentist las vegas oral sedation dentistry pediatric dentist las vegas kid dentist child dentist baby bottle tooth decay pediatric dental cavities in baby teeth dentist for kids
shared by Smile Reef on 14 May 13 - No Cached
  • Smile Reef on 14 May 13
     
    Dentistry for kids promote good oral hygiene and your kids will be taught about the importance of maintaining a good oral hygiene. Children dentistry will also teach your kids how many times a day should they brush their teeth and the proper way to do it.
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Oral testosterone supplementation and chronic low-grade inflammation in elderly men: A ... - 0 views

www.ahjonline.com/...abstract oral testosterone CRP inflammation elderly men
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 26 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 26 Apr 12
     
    this study showed that oral testosterone did not increase CRP.  This is a different finding than other studies.  I question the use of the oral testosterone due to first pass metabolism.  This would result in less testosterone reaching the peripheral sites of aromatase activity.  
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The effect of testosterone and fenofibrate, administered alone or in combination, on ca... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...26031507 Testosterone hormones cardiovascular disease hsCRP insulin insulin resistance insulin sensitivity
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 04 Jun 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 04 Jun 15
     
    This study looked at oral Testosterone plus fenofibrate (tricor).  That is not the purpose of this post.  This study found that oral Testosterone decanoate reduced hsCRP and improved insulin sensitivity.  One caveat--Testosterone should not be given orally due to increased risk of hepatocellular cancer.
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2min2x Tooth Brushing Facts for Kids - 0 views

vegasdentist.livejournal.com/16259.html special needs dentistry baby dentist childrens dentist las vegas oral sedation dentistry pediatric dentist las vegas kid dentist child dentist baby bottle tooth decay pediatric dental cavities in baby teeth dentist for kids
shared by Smile Reef on 14 May 13 - No Cached
  • Smile Reef on 14 May 13
     
    Dentistry for kids promote good oral hygiene and your kids will be taught about the importance of maintaining a good oral hygiene. Children dentistry will also teach your kids how many times a day should they brush their teeth and the proper way to do it.
1More

2min2x Tooth Brushing Facts for Kids - 0 views

smilereef.wordpress.com/...-tooth-brushing-facts-for-kids special needs dentistry baby dentist childrens dentist las vegas oral sedation dentistry pediatric dentist las vegas kid dentist child dentist baby bottle tooth decay pediatric dental cavities in baby teeth dentist for kids
shared by Smile Reef on 14 May 13 - No Cached
  • Smile Reef on 14 May 13
     
    Dentistry for kids promote good oral hygiene and your kids will be taught about the importance of maintaining a good oral hygiene. Children dentistry will also teach your kids how many times a day should they brush their teeth and the proper way to do it.
1More

2min2x Tooth Brushing Facts for Kids - 0 views

www.flickr.com/...8722281750 special needs dentistry baby dentist childrens dentist las vegas oral sedation dentistry pediatric dentist las vegas kid dentist child dentist baby bottle tooth decay pediatric dental cavities in baby teeth dentist for kids
shared by Smile Reef on 15 May 13 - No Cached
  • Smile Reef on 15 May 13
     
    Dentistry for kids promote good oral hygiene and your kids will be taught about the importance of maintaining a good oral hygiene. Children dentistry will also teach your kids how many times a day should they brush their teeth and the proper way to do it.
1More

2min2x Tooth Brushing Facts for Kids - 0 views

smilereef.blog.com/...-tooth-brushing-facts-for-kids special needs dentistry baby dentist childrens dentist las vegas oral sedation dentistry pediatric dentist las vegas kid dentist child dentist baby bottle tooth decay pediatric dental cavities in baby teeth dentist for kids
shared by Smile Reef on 15 May 13 - No Cached
  • Smile Reef on 15 May 13
     
    Dentistry for kids promote good oral hygiene and your kids will be taught about the importance of maintaining a good oral hygiene. Children dentistry will also teach your kids how many times a day should they brush their teeth and the proper way to do it.
1More

2min2x Tooth Brushing Facts for Kids - 0 views

vegasdentist.newsvine.com/...-tooth-brushing-facts-for-kids special needs dentistry baby dentist childrens dentist las vegas oral sedation dentistry pediatric dentist las vegas kid dentist child dentist baby bottle tooth decay pediatric dental cavities in baby teeth dentist for kids
shared by Smile Reef on 15 May 13 - No Cached
  • Smile Reef on 15 May 13
     
    Dentistry for kids promote good oral hygiene and your kids will be taught about the importance of maintaining a good oral hygiene. Children dentistry will also teach your kids how many times a day should they brush their teeth and the proper way to do it.
1More

A randomized, open-label, crossover study ... [Menopause. 2007 Nov-Dec] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...17507833 BHRT HRT estrogen oral transdermal therapy treatment hormones TBG thyroid liver metabolism
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 16 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 16 Nov 11
     
    oral estrogen is a bad choice as it relates to BHRT or HRT for that matter.  Compared to transdermal estrogen, oral estrogen through increasing TBG and slowed liver metabolism results in decreased thyroid hormone production.  
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Antitumor activity of dichloroacetate on C6 glioma cell: in vitro and in vivo evaluation - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3601023 cancer DCA
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 12 Nov 14 - No Cached
  • the oral bioavailability of DCA is nearly 100%
  • the oral bioavailability of DCA is almost 100%.
  • DCA can penetrate into the traditional chemotherapy sanctuary sites. Interestingly, it was reported that DCA could penetrate across the BBB,30 exhibiting the potential activity for brain therapy.
  • ...23 more annotations...
  • Clinical studies of DCA have shown reduced lactate levels
  • It has been reported that DCA activates the PDH by inhibition of PDK in a dose-dependent manner, and results in increased delivery of pyruvate into the mitochondria
  • The antitumor activity of DCA on nonsmall cell lung cancer, breast cancer, glioblastomas, and endometrial and prostate cancer cells has been demonstrated
  • It is well known that many chemotherapeutic agents have a low therapeutic index in brain tumors.
  • The most common metabolic hallmark of cancer cells is their propensity to metabolize glucose to lactic acid at a high rate even in the presence of oxygen
  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) is a gate-keeping enzyme that regulates the flux of carbohydrates (pyruvate) into the mitochondria
  • In the presence of activated PDK, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), a critical enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA instead of lactate in glycolysis, is inhibited, limiting the entry of pyruvate into the mitochondria.
  • the level of Hsp70 was significantly decreased
  • DCA can penetrate the BBB
  • It has been reported that DCA treatment resulted in an increase in the proportion of tumor cells in the S phase, showing a decrease in proliferation as well as the induction of apoptosis
  • Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are involved in protein folding, aggregation, transport, and/or stabilization by acting as a molecular chaperone, leading to the inhibition of apoptosis by both caspase-dependent and/or independent pathways
  • HSPs are overexpressed in a wide range of human cancers and are implicated in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, invasion, and metastasis
  • Considering the fact that high expression of HSPs is essential for cancer survival, the inhibition of HSPs is an important strategy of anticancer therapy.
  • In addition, after 5 years of continued treatment with oral DCA at a dose of 25 mg/kg, the serum DCA levels are only slightly increased compared with the levels after the first several doses, also showing its safety for oral administration at this dose.
  • DCA can enter the circulation rapidly after oral administration and then generate the stimulation of PDH activity generally within minutes.
  • Our in vivo results in tumor tissues indicated that DCA significantly induced ROS production and decreased MMP in tumor tissues
  • The numbers of microvessels in the DCA treatment groups were significantly decreased, suggesting the potential antiangiogenic effect of DCA
  • Under hypoxic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) is activated and induces angiogenesis
  • In addition, HIF-1α can also induce the expression of PDK,48 which can inhibit the activity of PDH
  • The inhibition effect of DCA on HIF-1α would decrease vascular endothelial growth factor and inhibit angiogenesis
  • the antiangiogenic effect in the 25 mg/kg treatment group was lower than that in 75 mg/kg or 125 mg/kg treatment groups
  • In conclusion, DCA induces the apoptosis of C6 cells through the activation of the mitochondrial pathway, arresting the cell cycle of C6 cells in S phase and down-regulating Hsp70 expression.
  • DCA significantly induced the ROS production and decreased the MMP in tumor tissues. Our in vivo antitumor activity results also indicated that DCA has an antiangiogenic effect
  • Nathan Goodyear on 12 Nov 14
     
    DCA as proposed therapy in cancer.
1More

Administration route-dependent effects of estrogens on IGF-I levels during fixed GH rep... - 0 views

eje-online.org/...709.long oral estrogen therapy oral estrogen therapy IGF-1 human growth hormone HGH hormone hormones women
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 19 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 19 Feb 13
     
    oral estrogen therapy decreased IGF-1 concentrations in those women taking growth hormone, requiring high dosing of HGH versus that in women using estrogen through a transdermal approach.
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Vitamin C and survival among women with breast cancer: A Meta-analysis - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0959804914001750 vitamin C vitamin C cancer mortality women
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 13 Mar 14
     
    Meta-analysis finds that for every oral daily intake of 100 mg vitamin C, the risk of total mortality was decreased by 27% and the breast cancer specific mortality was decreased by 22%.  A lot of potential variables that can play into this equation.  However, oral vitamin C is poorly bioavailable, yet according to this meta-analysis, does provide significant health benefits and even prevention.  If health and breast cancer prevention is a goal, then vitamin C needs to play a role in your daily intake.
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Antioxidants as Therapeutic Agents for Liver Disease - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3228367 IV vitamin C IV intravenous C antioxidant therapy antioxidants hepatitis liver
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 25 Sep 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 25 Sep 13
     
    This study concludes that evidence is small and inadequate despite consistent reductions of elevated liver enzymes.  The review of the data here includes both IV and oral therapy.  These modalities are not comparable.  IV vitamin C has been shown to reduce elevated liver enzymes where oral does not.
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Branched Chain Amino Acid Supplementation for Patients with Cirrhosis | Clinical Correl... - 0 views

www.clinicalcorrelations.org/?p=3544 BCCA branched chain amino acids liver cirrhosis hepatitis amino acids
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Oct 15 - No Cached
  • low level of BCAAs in patients with cirrhosis is hypothesized to be one of multiple factors responsible for development of hepatic encephalopathy
  • supplementation of BCAAs is thought to facilitate ammonia detoxification by supporting synthesis of glutamine, one of the non-branched chain amino acids, in skeletal muscle and in the brain as well as diminishing the influx of AAAs across the blood-brain barrier
  • oral BCAA supplementation is more useful in chronic encephalopathic patients than is parenteral BCAA supplementation in patients with acute encephalopathy
  • ...35 more annotations...
  • malnutrition progressing to cachexia is another common manifestation of cirrhosis
  • Malnutrition can be mitigated with BCAA supplementation
  • Studies show that administration of amino acid formulas enriched with BCAAs can reduce protein loss, support protein synthesis, and improve nutritional status of patients with chronic liver disease
  • Leucine has been shown to be the most effective of the BCAAs because it acts via multiple pathways to stimulate protein synthesis
  • BCAAs metabolites inhibit proteolysis
  • Patients with cirrhosis have both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance
  • BCAAs (particularly leucine) help to reverse the catabolic, hyperglucagonemic state of cirrhosis both by stimulating insulin release from the pancreatic β cells and by decreasing insulin resistance allowing for better glucose utilization
  • Coadministration of BCAAs and glucose has been found to be particularly useful
  • BCAA supplementation improves protein-energy malnutrition by improving utilization of glucose, thereby diminishing the drive for proteolysis, inhibiting protein breakdown, and stimulating protein synthesis
  • Cirrhotic patients have impaired immune defense, characterized by defective phagocytic activity and impaired intracellular killing activity
  • another effect of BCAA supplementation is improvement of phagocytic function of neutrophils and possibly improvement in natural killer T (NKT) cell lymphocyte activity
  • BCAA supplementation may reduce the risk of infection in patients with advanced cirrhosis not only through improvement in protein-energy malnutrition but also by directly improving the function of the immune cells themselves
  • BCAA administration has also been shown to have a positive effect on liver regeneration
  • A proposed mechanism for improved liver regeneration is the stimulatory effect of BCAAs (particularly leucine) on the secretion of hepatocyte growth factor by hepatic stellate cells
  • BCAAs activate rapamycin signaling pathways which promotes albumin synthesis in the liver as well as protein and glycogen synthesis in muscle tissue
  • Chemical improvement with BCAA treatment is demonstrated by recovery of serum albumin and lowering of serum bilirubin levels
  • long-term oral BCAA supplementation was useful in staving off malnutrition and improving survival by preventing end-stage fatal complications of cirrhosis such as hepatic failure and gastrointestinal bleeding
  • The incidence of death by any cause, development of liver cancer, rupture of esophageal varices, or progression to hepatic failure was decreased in the group that received BCAA supplementation
  • Patients receiving BCAA supplementation also have a lower average hospital admission rate, better nutritional status, and better liver function tests
  • patients taking BCAA supplementation report improved quality of life
  • BCAAs have been shown to mitigate hepatic encephalopathy, cachexia, and infection rates, complications associated with the progression of hepatic cirrhosis
  • BCAAs make up 20-25% of the protein content of most foods
  • Highest levels are found in casein whey protein of dairy products and vegetables, such as corn and mushrooms. Other sources include egg albumin, beans, peanuts and brown rice bran
  • In addition to BCAAs from diet, oral supplements of BCAAs can be used
  • Oral supplementation tends to provide a better hepatic supply of BCAAs for patients able to tolerate PO nutrition as compared with IV supplementation, especially when treating symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy
  • Coadministration of BCAAs with carnitine and zinc has also been shown to increase ammonia metabolism further reducing the encephalopathic symptoms
  • Cirrhotic patients benefit from eating frequent, small meals that prevent long fasts which place the patient in a catabolic state
  • the best time for BCAA supplementation is at bedtime to improve the catabolic state during starvation in early morning fasting
  • A late night nutritional snack reduces symptoms of weakness and fatigability, lowers postprandial hyperglycemia, increases skeletal muscle mass,[25] improves nitrogen balance, and increases serum albumin levels.[26] Nocturnal BCAAs even improve serum albumin in cirrhotic patients who show no improvement with daytime BCAAs
  • Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), with low serum albumin and low muscle mass, occurs in 65-90% of cases of advanced cirrhosis
  • hyperglucagonemia results in a catabolic state eventually producing anorexia and cachexia
  • BCAAs are further depleted from the circulation due to increased uptake by skeletal muscles that use the BCAAs in the synthesis of glutamine, which is produced in order to clear the ammonia that is not cleared by the failing liver
  • patients with chronic liver disease, particularly cirrhosis, routinely have decreased BCAAs and increased aromatic amino acids (AAAs) in their circulation
  • Maintaining a higher serum albumin in patients with cirrhosis is associated with decreased mortality and improved quality of life
  • the serum BCAA concentration is strongly correlated with the serum albumin level
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Oct 15
     
    great review of cirrhosis and BCCA supplementation.
1More

Estrogenic Potential of Progestins in Oral Contraceptives to Stimulate Human Breast Can... - 0 views

cancerres.aacrjournals.org/...6539.full.pdf+html progestins birth controls hormones oral contraceptives
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 04 Nov 10 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 04 Nov 10
     
    Estrogenic Potential of Progestins in Oral Contraceptives to Stimulate Human Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation1
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Differential Effects of Oral and Transdermal Estrogen/Progesterone Regimens on Sensitiv... - 0 views

atvb.ahajournals.org/...1671.short oral estradiol estrogen transdermal bioidentical DVT thromboembolism
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Aug 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Aug 11
     
    transdermal estradiol does not increase blood clot risk, when compared with oral estradiol
1More

Dysnatremia predicts a delayed recovery in collapsed ultramarathon ... - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...17620783 hyponatremia hypernatremia ultramarathon runners endurance athletes endurance exercise IV fluids athletes
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 15
     
    The majority of ultra marathon runners deal with hypernatremia versus hyponatremia.  The majority were normonatremic.  Intravenous fluids can more rapidly resolve hypernatremia versus oral liquids and serves as useful means to reduce hypernatremia when oral liquids proves intolerable.
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