SHBG associated with increased metabolic syndrome risk, not Testosterone in this study. Total Testosterone, when low, has been suggested to be more predictive of Mets than free T.
Fructose intake increases MetS and hypertension. The high fructose intake upregulates phosphofructokinase which increases triglyceride production, bypassing central regulation. This results in ATP depletion with reduced capacity to recover. Thus attempts by the cells to increase ATP through AMP deaminase results in uric acid production.
In women, the postmenopause state is associated with a decrease in SHBG, and increase in free Testosterone and Estradiol. No increase in Total Testosterone was found in this study. This was associated with increased insulin resistance and MetS.
This study found that low T was clearly associated with "pre diabetes" independent of weight and MetS. All men that are overweight, obese, with metabolic syndrome, "pre diabetic" need evaluation of hormones, not just Testosterone.
low serum total Testosterone associated with Metabolic Syndrome in elderly men. The authors of this study went so far as to state low Testosterone is "predicting" of MetS.
Study of Japanese men > 30 found that lower serum TT was associated with an increased OR of metabolic syndrome. The men in this study were "healthy". This study looked at TT as a means to help predict MetS.
The full pdf is available for free download. ED should be used as a marker for cardiovascular disease. This study, though small, of turkey men found low T to be a prominent feature of MetS.
We found that higher SUA level, even within normal range, was associated with an increased prevalence of MetS even after adjusting for confounding factors. This association of MetS risk by SUA levels was more robust in women than in men.
Just in the past decade, prevalence of MetS in China has increased about 8%
Increasing uric acid levels, even in the normal range, are associated with increased incidence of metabolic syndrome. This was found more prevalent in women, but positive correlations were seen in both sexes.