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Decline in free Testosterone, especially in physically unfit men, blunted by oral 50 mg DHEA night before exercise.  Total Testosterone and DHEA remained significantly low up to 24 hours post HIIT.

Study finds sprint interval training increases PLIN 2 and PLIN 5 as in endurance training.  PLIN2/5 are increased and play role in intramuscluar triglyceride breakdown.  Increased IMTG is found in IR.  This aids insulin resistance.  Other studies have found that SIT increased PLIN5 > ET.  Exercise impacts muscle and fat through epigenetics.

Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity are under epigenetic control.  Stress and aging downregulate adult neurogenesis; whereas physical activity, environment enrichment and learning/memory increase.  Check out figure 1.  Exercise increases BDNF and hence neuroplasticity.  This was a synRas mouse study.

Fascinating link between vitamin D and mitochondria function in skeletal muscle.  Vitamin D replacement was found to improve mitochondrial function, improve post exercise discomfort in those with vitamin D deficiency.  Obviously, this provides support for a link between vitamin D and mitochondrial function.  This could provide an important tool in the recovery phase in athletes.

salivary cortisol and DHEA correlates well with serum levels before and after exercise.  Testosterone, in this study did not.

Unintended cardiovascular consequences of extreme training.  

great review on performance physiology.  This article reviews  how VO2 max, lactate threshold, performance VO2, and mitochondria contribute to peak endurance performance.

interesting study on what training techniques improve maximal aerobic speed and maximizes lactate metabolism and removal.

Great read on the ketogenic  and its application to sports/training...

Systematic review finds very little clinical benefit from Testosterone therapy.  The problem here is one typically made by allopathic medicine.  They look for a benefit in a box.  They look for one therapy to cure all.  Testosterone therapy should be the last thing you prescribe as usually low Testosterone is the effect and early is not the cause.  Clearly, in the right individual, Testosterone therapy can have tremendous positive effects; however, it must accompany nutrition, exercise, inflammation control...  Testosterone is just one piece of a very complex male physiologic puzzle.

meta-analysis out of Scotland finds that less may be more when it comes to interval training.  

New study suggests endurance training can change mitochondria to improve energy production efficiency.

Though no positive effect of exercise capacity, left ventricular function, and chest pain, vitamin E dose of 1,600 IU of vitamin E for six months found be safe.

full study of previous abstract: low carb and high fat diet found to maintain muscle glycogen equal to high carb diet in endurance athletes.  Endurance athletes have high fat oxidation and this probably only applies to these endurance athletes; I would suspect this high fat oxidation would not be found in other short interval sports i.e. sprinting, football....

excessive carb restriction in athletes can lower Testosterone levels and negatively impact Testosterone to cortisol ratio. This will limit performance and hinder recovery.

whey protein (20 gm) shown to promote superior muscle growth in older men versus casein and casein hydrolysate.  Whey protein, in this study, was provided at meals, not as a post exercise support.

this study looked at salivary testosterone and cortisol in exercise recovery.  They found a low T/C ratio in this athletes.  This is a catabolic state.  A normalization of the a low T/C ratio will increase muscle recovery and should improve performance.  Testing was with saliva

statin therapy damages mitochondria. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell: they are the energy producers of the cell.  It is no surprise that damage to the cells capacity to make energy will in turn decrease the capacity of muscle to perform.