The IL-1β-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) permeability has been postulated to be an important
mechanism contributing to intestinal inflammation of Crohn’s disease and other inflammatory conditions of the gut
the role of myosin L chain kinase (MLCK)
IL-1β caused a progressive increase in MLCK protein expression.
The IL-1β-induced increase in MLCK
mRNA transcription and subsequent increase in MLCK protein expression and Caco-2 TJ permeability was mediated by activation
of NF-κB
abstract of animal study finds that hyperbaric therapy provides neuroprotection via increase in IL-10; improved blood-brain barrier, improved tight junctions were about of the benefit found.
this study from 2009 showed how disrupted/imbalanced gut flora leads to leaky gut. This case, high bacteroides relative to bifidobacterium and lactobacillus resulted in disruption of the zonulin pathway and thus lncreased intestinal permeability.
t has been
suggested that increased permeability of intestinal epithelial tight junctions (TJ) in these diseases is mediated by proinflammatory
cytokines including IL-1β,
Al-Sadi et al. (p. 5653
) hypothesized that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), which is known to be important for intestinal TJ permeability, could
mediate IL-1β-induced disruption of the epithelial barrier
The gut microbial composition is altered during pregnancy
probiotic supplements may contribute to the maintenance of bacterial diversity and glucose homeostasis in individuals with metabolic disturbances
Assessment of four randomized controlled trials in this review involving 288 pregnant women with GDM found that a 6–8 week probiotic intervention did not improve FBG or LDL-cholesterol levels
probiotic supplementation in women with GDM was associated with significant reductions in insulin resistance
One proposed method is by the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), generated as a by-product of bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers. SCFAs act as an energy source for intestinal cells and have been found to regulate the production of hormones effecting energy intake and expenditure such as leptin and grehlin
Another hypothesized mechanism of SCFA action includes reducing gastrointestinal permeability by upregulating transcription of tight junction proteins, enhancing production of Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) which promotes crypt cell proliferation, and reducing inflammation in colonic epithelial cells by increasing PPAR-gamma activation
Maintenance of the integrity of the gut barrier minimizes the concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in circulation
LPS is a structural component of gram negative bacterial cell walls, which induces an immune-cell response upon absorption into the human bloodstream, stimulating proinflammatory cytokine production and the onset of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia
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