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Gut Health - Role Of Probiotics In Maintaining Gut Health - Health Blog - 0 views

fnfdoc.com/biotics-maintaining-gut-health

gut health blog Gut Health What Is Gut Health Gut Health Symptoms Unhealthy Gut Symptoms Healthy & Unhealthy Gut Gut Health Natural Sources Healthy Gut Gut Tract

shared by fnfdoc on 20 Jul 20 - No Cached
  • fnfdoc on 20 Jul 20
     
    We briefly described role of probiotics in maintaining gut health & how do probiotics work. What are natural sources & symptoms of unhealthy & healthy gut
Nathan Goodyear

BMC Microbiology | Full text | The Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes ratio of the human microb... - 0 views

www.biomedcentral.com/...123

gut flora gut microbiome gut microbiota firmicutes bacteroidetes firmicutes_bacteroidetes health gut microbiome

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 May 15 - No Cached
  • The microbiota of the large intestine plays an important role in host metabolism and maintenance of host health
  • Our results defining a standard adult profile, together with previous reports, showed that C. leptum, C. coccoides, Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium represent the four dominant groups of the adult fecal microbiota
  • Sub-dominant groups are Lactobacilli Enterobacteriaceae, Desulfovibrio, Sporomusa, Atopobium as well as other bacterial groups including Clostridium clusters XI, XIVb, and XVIII
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • In infant fecal microbiota, we observed Bifidobacterium as the dominant group
  • this observation is strongly related to diet, being enhanced by breast feeding
  • Significant higher numbers of Bifidobacterium were observed in infants versus adults and seniors
  • the gastrointestinal tract is first colonized by facultative anaerobes, such as E. coli
  • Strict anaerobes, such as Clostridium, colonize at later stages, as can be seen by the relatively low levels of C. leptum and C. coccoides in infants
  • diet change must be considered among the primary causes for such a shift of microbiota between infants and adults.
  • In the case of elderly subjects, our qPCR results indicated a significant increase in the counts of E. coli when compared to adults. This data is consistent with other publications indicating that elderly subjects harbor a different E. coli microbiota profile compared to younger adults
  • a number of authors reported a reduction in the numbers and diversity of many protective commensal anaerobes, such as Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria
  • The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio was already shown to be of significant relevance in signaling human gut microbiota status
  • Our measurements of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in adults obtained by our species-specific qPCR are in agreement with those obtained by Ley et al
  • Compared with young adults, the elderly have a different digestive physiology, characterized at a physiological level by a reduction in transit and of digestive secretions
  • The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio undergoes an increase from birth to adulthood and is further altered with advanced age
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 May 15
     
    Good discussion of the gut microbiome.  Age effects the gut bacteria balance.  The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio increases from young, to young adult, to the elderly in this study.  Is this simply a reflection of aging or is the a biomarker that can be changed through diet and targeted probiotics?
Nathan Goodyear

Diet-Induced Dysbiosis of the Intestinal Microbiota and the Effects on Immunity and Dis... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3448089

dysbiosis diet nutrition metabolic endotoxemia disease inflammation gut

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jul 14 - No Cached
  • The gut microbiota participates in the body’s metabolism by affecting energy balance, glucose metabolism, and low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders
  • Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes represent the two largest phyla in the human and mouse microbiota and a shift in the ratio of these phyla has been associated with many disease conditions, including obesity
  • In obese humans, there is decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes compared to lean individuals
  • ...21 more annotations...
  • weight loss in obese individuals results in an increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes
  • there is conflicting evidence on the composition of the obese microbiota phenotype with regards to Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes ratios
  • Bifidobacteria spp. from the phyla Actinobacteria, has been shown to be depleted in both obese mice and human subjects
  • While it is not yet clear which specific microbes are inducing or preventing obesity, evidence suggests that the microbiota is a factor.
  • targeted manipulation of the microbiota results in divergent metabolic outcomes depending on the composition of the diet
  • The microbiota has been linked to insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes (T2D) via metabolic syndrome and indeed the microbiota of individuals with T2D is also characterized by an increased Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, as well as an increase in Bacillus and Lactobacillus spp
  • It was also observed that the ratio of Bacteriodes-Prevotella to C. coccoides-E. rectale positively correlated with glucose levels but did not correlate with body mass index [80]. This suggests that the microbiota may influence T2D in conjunction with or independently of obesity
  • In humans, high-fat Western-style diets fed to individuals over one month can induce a 71% increase in plasma levels of endotoxins, suggesting that endotoxemia may develop in individuals with GI barrier dyfunction connected to dysbiosis
  • LPS increases macrophage infiltration essential for systemic inflammation preceding insulin resistance, LPS alone does not impair glucose metabolism
  • early treatment of dysbiosis may slow down or prevent the epidemic of metabolic diseases and hence the corresponding lethal cardiovascular consequences
  • increased Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidetes, which is the microbial profile found in lean phenotypes, along with an increase in Bifidobacteria spp. and Lactobacillus spp
  • mouse and rat models of T1D have been shown to have microbiota marked by decreased diversity and decreased Lactobacillus spp., as well as a decrease in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio
  • microbial antigens through the innate immune system are involved in T1D progression
  • The microbiota appears to be essential in maintaining the Th17/Treg cell balance in intestinal tissues, mesenteric and pancreatic lymph nodes, and in developing insulitis, although progression to overt diabetes has not been shown to be controlled by the microbiota
  • There is evidence that dietary and microbial antigens independently influence T1D
  • Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 protects BB-rats from T1D by mediating intestinal barrier function and inflammation [101,102] and a combination probiotic VSL#3 has been shown to attenuate insulitis and diabetes in NOD mice
  • breast fed infants have higher levels of Bifidobacteria spp. while formula fed infants have higher levels of Bacteroides spp., as well as increased Clostridium coccoides and Lactobacillus spp
  • the composition of the gut microbiota strongly correlates with diet
  • In mice fed a diet high in fat, there are many key gut population changes, such as the absence of gut barrier-protecting Bifidobacteria spp
  • diet has a dominating role in shaping gut microbiota and changing key populations may transform healthy gut microbiota into a disease-inducing entity
  • “Western” diet, which is high in sugar and fat, causes dysbiosis which affects both host GI tract metabolism and immune homeostasis
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jul 14
     
    Nice discussion of how diet, induces gut bacterial change, that leads to metabolic endotoxemia and disease.
Nathan Goodyear

Frontiers | Microbiome-Derived Lipopolysaccharide Enriched in the Perinuclear Region of... - 0 views

journal.frontiersin.org/...full

LPS lipopolysaccharides Alzheimer's disease brain inflammation

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 23 Sep 17 - No Cached
  • lipopolysaccharides (LPS), either alone or in combination, have indicated that when compared, bacterial LPSs exhibit the strongest induction of pro-inflammatory signaling in human neuronal–glial cells in primary coculture of any single inducer, and different LPS extracts from different gastrointestinal (GI)-tract resident Gram-negative bacteria appeared to have different pro-inflammatory potential
  • powerful inducer of the NF-κB
  • In both neocortex and hippocampus, LPS has been detected to range from a ~7- to ~21-fold increase abundance in AD brain
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • Major Gram-negative bacilli of the human GI-tract, such as the abundant B. fragilis and Escherichia coli (E. coli), are capable of discharging a remarkably complex assortment of pro-inflammatory neurotoxins
  • (i) bacterial amyloids (10, 21); (ii) endotoxins and exotoxins (5, 12); (iii) LPS (12, 18); and (iv) small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs)
  • integral components of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, LPS
  • LPS, the major molecular component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria normally serves as a physical barrier providing the bacteria protection from its surroundings
  • LPS is also recognized by the immune system as a marker for the detection of bacterial pathogen invasion and responsible for the development of inflammatory response is perhaps the most potent stimulator and trigger of inflammation known
  • AD-affected brains have remarkably large loads of bacterial-derived toxins compared to controls. The transfer of noxious, pro-inflammatory molecules from the GI-tract microbiome to the CNS may be increasingly important during the course of aging when both the GI-tract and blood–brain barriers become significantly more permeable
  • first evidence of a perinuclear association of LPS with AD brain cell nuclei
  • LPS-mediated stimulation of chronic inflammation, beta-amyloid accumulation, and episodic memory decline in murine models of AD (39, 40) and a biophysical association of LPS with amyloid deposits and blood vessels in human AD patients
  • Strong adherence of LPS to the nuclear periphery has recently been shown to inhibit nuclear maturation and function that may impair or block export of mRNA signals from brain cell nuclei, a highly active organelle with extremely high rates of transcription, mRNA processing, and export into the cytoplasm
  • LPS may be further injurious to the nuclear membrane just as LPS contributes to cerebrovascular endothelial cell membrane injury
  • high intake of dietary fiber is a strong inhibitor of B. fragilis abundance and proliferation in the intact human GI-tract and as such is a potent inhibitor of the neurotoxic B. fragilis-derived amyloids, LPS, enterotoxins, and sncRNAs.
  • GI-tract microbiome-derived LPS may be an important initiator and/or significant contributor to inflammatory degeneration in the AD CNS
  • LPS has been recently localized to the same anatomical regions involved in AD-type neuropathology
  • a known pro-inflammatory transcription factor complex that triggers the expression of pathogenic pathways involved in neurodegenerative inflammation
  • pro-inflammatory amyloids, endo- and exotoxins, LPSs, and sncRNAs but also serve as potent sources of membrane-disrupting agents
  • Nathan Goodyear on 23 Sep 17
     
    LPS links gut to inflammation in Alzheimer's disease
Nathan Goodyear

Role of Antibiotics and Fungal Microbiota in Driving Pulmonary Allergic Responses -- No... - 0 views

iai.asm.org/...4996

antibiotics infection immunity immune system allergy asthma GI gut tract

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 29 Jun 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 29 Jun 11
     
    Amazing study that displays how the environment in the gut can effect the immune system in the lung.
Nathan Goodyear

Therapy in the Early Stage: Incretins - 0 views

care.diabetesjournals.org/...S264.full

incretins glucose diabetes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Dec 13 - No Cached
  • Increased resistance to insulin action in the skeletal muscle and liver associated with enhanced hepatic glucose output and impaired insulin secretion due to a progressive decline of β-cell function are long-recognized core defects
  • in addition, other mechanisms/organs are involved, augmenting the pathological pathways: adipocytes (altered fat metabolism due to insulin resistance), gastrointestinal tract (incretin deficiency and/or resistance), pancreatic α-cells (hyperglucagonemia and increased hepatic sensitivity to glucagon), kidneys (enhanced glucose reabsorption), and central nervous system (insulin resistance)
  • β-cell failure
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 11 Dec 13
       
      and studies have shown that a reduction in insulin function will decrease LH production and thus lead to a decrease in Testosterone production in men.
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  • Incretins are gut-derived hormones, members of the glucagon superfamily, released in response to nutrient ingestion (mainly glucose and fat)
  • They exert a wide range of effects, including stimulation of pancreatic insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner and play an important role in the local gastrointestinal and whole-body physiology
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Dec 13
     
    good discussion on incretins and their role in glucose homeostasis. 
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