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Jadibuti jadibuti.net

Home Remedies for UTI - 0 views

jadibuti.net/home-remedies-uti

UTI

shared by Jadibuti jadibuti.net on 29 May 16 - No Cached
  • Jadibuti jadibuti.net on 29 May 16
     
    UTI stands for urinary tract infection.Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common reason people visit their doctors. While both men and women get UTIs, women are more prone to them. The urinary tract consists of: Kidneys, Uterus, ...
  • Jadibuti jadibuti.net on 29 May 16
     
    UTI stands for urinary tract infection.Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common reason people visit their doctors. While both men and women get UTIs, women are more prone to them. The urinary tract consists of: Kidneys, Uterus, ...
Nathan Goodyear

Frontiers | Microbiome-Derived Lipopolysaccharide Enriched in the Perinuclear Region of... - 0 views

journal.frontiersin.org/...full

LPS lipopolysaccharides Alzheimer's disease brain inflammation

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 23 Sep 17 - No Cached
  • lipopolysaccharides (LPS), either alone or in combination, have indicated that when compared, bacterial LPSs exhibit the strongest induction of pro-inflammatory signaling in human neuronal–glial cells in primary coculture of any single inducer, and different LPS extracts from different gastrointestinal (GI)-tract resident Gram-negative bacteria appeared to have different pro-inflammatory potential
  • powerful inducer of the NF-κB
  • In both neocortex and hippocampus, LPS has been detected to range from a ~7- to ~21-fold increase abundance in AD brain
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • Major Gram-negative bacilli of the human GI-tract, such as the abundant B. fragilis and Escherichia coli (E. coli), are capable of discharging a remarkably complex assortment of pro-inflammatory neurotoxins
  • (i) bacterial amyloids (10, 21); (ii) endotoxins and exotoxins (5, 12); (iii) LPS (12, 18); and (iv) small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs)
  • integral components of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, LPS
  • LPS, the major molecular component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria normally serves as a physical barrier providing the bacteria protection from its surroundings
  • LPS is also recognized by the immune system as a marker for the detection of bacterial pathogen invasion and responsible for the development of inflammatory response is perhaps the most potent stimulator and trigger of inflammation known
  • AD-affected brains have remarkably large loads of bacterial-derived toxins compared to controls. The transfer of noxious, pro-inflammatory molecules from the GI-tract microbiome to the CNS may be increasingly important during the course of aging when both the GI-tract and blood–brain barriers become significantly more permeable
  • first evidence of a perinuclear association of LPS with AD brain cell nuclei
  • LPS-mediated stimulation of chronic inflammation, beta-amyloid accumulation, and episodic memory decline in murine models of AD (39, 40) and a biophysical association of LPS with amyloid deposits and blood vessels in human AD patients
  • Strong adherence of LPS to the nuclear periphery has recently been shown to inhibit nuclear maturation and function that may impair or block export of mRNA signals from brain cell nuclei, a highly active organelle with extremely high rates of transcription, mRNA processing, and export into the cytoplasm
  • LPS may be further injurious to the nuclear membrane just as LPS contributes to cerebrovascular endothelial cell membrane injury
  • high intake of dietary fiber is a strong inhibitor of B. fragilis abundance and proliferation in the intact human GI-tract and as such is a potent inhibitor of the neurotoxic B. fragilis-derived amyloids, LPS, enterotoxins, and sncRNAs.
  • GI-tract microbiome-derived LPS may be an important initiator and/or significant contributor to inflammatory degeneration in the AD CNS
  • LPS has been recently localized to the same anatomical regions involved in AD-type neuropathology
  • a known pro-inflammatory transcription factor complex that triggers the expression of pathogenic pathways involved in neurodegenerative inflammation
  • pro-inflammatory amyloids, endo- and exotoxins, LPSs, and sncRNAs but also serve as potent sources of membrane-disrupting agents
  • Nathan Goodyear on 23 Sep 17
     
    LPS links gut to inflammation in Alzheimer's disease
Nathan Goodyear

Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic rev... - 0 views

www.bmj.com/bmj.i6583

vitamin d respiratory tract infections

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Sep 17 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Sep 17
     
    vitamin D supplementation found to be beneficial in reducing the risk of acute respiratory tract infections.  This study found more benefit in those with D levels < 25 nmol/L
Jadibuti jadibuti.net

Home Remedies for Sore Throat - 0 views

jadibuti.net/home-remedies-sore-throat

SoreThroat HomeRemedies

shared by Jadibuti jadibuti.net on 29 May 16 - No Cached
  • Jadibuti jadibuti.net on 29 May 16
     
    A Sore Throat is a painful feeling in the throat aggravated by swallowing. A sore throat can also feel dry and scratchy and  makes it hard to talk. A sore throat is a frequent symptom of the common cold or other acute respiratory tract ...
  • Jadibuti jadibuti.net on 29 May 16
     
    A Sore Throat is a painful feeling in the throat aggravated by swallowing. A sore throat can also feel dry and scratchy and  makes it hard to talk. A sore throat is a frequent symptom of the common cold or other acute respiratory tract ...
Jadibuti jadibuti.net

Tribulus terrestris - 0 views

jadibuti.net/tribulus-terrestris

Gokharu Gokshura Supplement

shared by Jadibuti jadibuti.net on 29 May 16 - No Cached
  • Jadibuti jadibuti.net on 29 May 16
     
    Tribulus terrestris is a rejuvenating tonic for the genitourinary system. A cooling and nourishing herb, Tribulus terrestris soothes the membranes of the urinary tract while promoting the healthy flow of urine. Tribulus terrestris is used in ...
  • Jadibuti jadibuti.net on 29 May 16
     
    Tribulus terrestris is a rejuvenating tonic for the genitourinary system. A cooling and nourishing herb, Tribulus terrestris soothes the membranes of the urinary tract while promoting the healthy flow of urine. Tribulus terrestris is used in ...
Jadibuti jadibuti.net

Home Remedies for Cough - 0 views

jadibuti.net/home-remedies-cough

Cough

shared by Jadibuti jadibuti.net on 29 May 16 - No Cached
  • Jadibuti jadibuti.net on 29 May 16
     
    Coughing is common health problem and it may arise due to blockage or irritant in your throat or upper respiratory tract. Coughing can also be due to a viral infection, common cold, flu, and smoking or health problems such as asthma, ...
  • Jadibuti jadibuti.net on 29 May 16
     
    Coughing is common health problem and it may arise due to blockage or irritant in your throat or upper respiratory tract. Coughing can also be due to a viral infection, common cold, flu, and smoking or health problems such as asthma, ...
Nathan Goodyear

Relationship Between Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia/... [J Sex Med. 2014] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...24612680

Testosterone men male hormone hormones BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy LUTS lower urinary tract symptoms

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 18 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 18 Mar 14
     
    European study finds no correlation with Total Testosterone levels and lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hypertrophy.
Nathan Goodyear

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med -- Abstract: Effectiveness of an Herbal Preparation Containing... - 0 views

archpedi.ama-assn.org/...217

vitamin C echinacea propolis pediatrics children herb herbs respiratory infections

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Aug 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Aug 11
     
    Natural preparation do show effectiveness in treatment of respiratory tract infections.
Nathan Goodyear

Oestriol in the treatment of postmenopausal urgenc... [Maturitas. 1993] - PubMed result - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...8107615

estriol E3 treatment

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 30 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • oestriol produced both subjective and objective improvement in lower urinary tract function
  • Nathan Goodyear on 30 Mar 11
     
    oestriol produced both subjective and objective improvement in lower urinary tract function
Nathan Goodyear

Bariatric Surgery Results in Cortical Bone Loss - 0 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...541.abstract

bariatric surgery bariatric surgery weight loss surgery overweight obesity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 18 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 18 Feb 13
     
    no surprise here.  Bariatric surgery was found to result in bone loss.  Disruption of the GI tract and absorption is going to result in malnutrition states and bone loss will be one of the side effects.
Nathan Goodyear

Elderly men over 65 years of age with late-onset hypogonadism benefit as much from test... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4392031

low T low Testosterone Testosterone men male hormone hormones late onset hypogonadism hypogonadism

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 May 15 - No Cached
  • The benefits of restoring serum testosterone in men with LOH were not significantly different between men older than 65 years of age and younger men. There were no indications that side effects were more severe in elderly men. The effects on prostate and urinary function and hematocrit were within safe margins.
  • obesity, but also impaired general health, are the more common causes of low testosterone in aging men
  • Severe LOH is associated with substantially higher risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality,
  • ...30 more annotations...
  • advanced age, obesity, a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, and poor general health status were predictors of LOH
  • Diabetes mellitus was correlated with hypogonadism in most studies
  • coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease did not predict hypogonadism, they did correlate with the incidence of low testosterone
  • LOH can be defined by the presence of at least three sexual symptoms associated with a total testosterone level of less than 11 nmol/L (3.2 ng/mL) and a free testosterone level of less than 220 pmol/L (64 pg/mL)
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 27 May 15
       
      the European Male Aging study defined low T as total < 320 ng/dl and free < 64 pg/ml.  
  • Mean weight decreased
  • Waist circumference decreased
  • Total cholesterol decreased
  • Low-density lipoprotein decreased
  • Triglycerides decreased
  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased
  • ratio of total cholesterol to HDL improved
  • Prostate volume increased
  • PSA increased
  • The benefits for men older than 65 years of age were compared with those of younger men, and the improvements in body weight, metabolic factors, psychological functioning, and sexual functioning were of the same magnitude in both age groups
  • weight loss was progressive over the 6-year period, effects of testosterone on lipids and on psychological and sexual functioning reached a plateau after approximately 3 years and these effects were sustained
  • Effects of testosterone on hematopoiesis, on the prostate, and on bladder function were not more severe in older men than in younger men
  • observe a mild increase in prostate volume and serum PSA over time, which is a normal finding in aging men. Maybe somewhat surprising, postvoiding residue and the IPSS did not deteriorate with aging but showed a degree of improvement
  • the severity of the metabolic syndrome is associated with the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms
  • The symptoms of the metabolic syndrome improve upon testosterone treatment and testosterone may thus have a favorable effect on lower urinary tract symptoms
  • it seems reasonable to conclude that the risks of testosterone administration to elderly men are not disproportionately higher in elderly men than in younger men.
  • Despite evidence to the contrary, physicians still harbor a wrongful association between testosterone and the development of prostate pathology (prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia)
  • Not surprisingly, the incidence of prostate cancer was higher in older men; however, it was lower than expected in both groups
  • These observations suggest that the incidence of prostate cancer in patients receiving testosterone therapy, both in the younger and in the older group, was not greater than in the general population not receiving testosterone treatment
  • The historical fear that raising testosterone levels will result in more prostate cancer has been dispelled, particularly by the work of Abraham Morgentaler
  • Higher serum testosterone levels fail to show an increased risk of prostate cancer, and supraphysiological testosterone does not increase prostate volume or PSA in healthy men
  • This apparent paradox is explained by the "saturation model,"
  • Recent studies indicate no increased risk of prostate cancer among men with serum testosterone in the therapeutic range
  • In the present observational study, no cases of major adverse cardiovascular events occurred.
  • the benefits of testosterone therapy are fully achieved only by long-term treatment
  • To achieve maximal benefits, good patient adherence is a prerequisite
  • Nathan Goodyear on 21 May 15
     
    Study finds new difference in Testosterone benefits and/or side effects between men < 65 with low T and men > 65 with low T.
Nathan Goodyear

Andrographis paniculata in the symptomatic treatment of uncomplicated upper respiratory... - 0 views

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/...abstract

cold treatment andrographis paniculata

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 29 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • Current evidence suggests that A. paniculata extract alone or in combination with A. senticosus extract may be more effective than placebo and may be an appropriate alternative treatment of uncomplicated acute upper respiratory tract infection.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 29 Mar 11
     
    Natural treatment of URI and colds: Andrographis paniculata
Nathan Goodyear

Relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver ... [World J Urol. 2014] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...25189458

NAFLD BPH LUTS men male fatty liver liver metabolic syndrome

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Sep 14
     
    Men with NAFLD have higher incidence of lower urinary tract symptoms including BPH.
fnfdoc

Home Remedies For PCOS | Your Health Our Priority - 0 views

www.fnfdoc.com/...home-remedies-pcos

Home Remedies For PCOS

shared by fnfdoc on 09 May 18 - No Cached
  • fnfdoc on 09 May 18
     
    PCOS is a serious disease of the female reproductive tract identified by male pattern baldness, hirsutism, sleep apnea and infertility. Unfortunately, there is no cure for it. However, some home remedies can help ease the symptoms.
Nathan Goodyear

How is the Immune System Suppressed by Cancer - 1 views

www.cancertutor.com/ancer-suppresses-immune-system

iNOS cancer immune system

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 23 May 18 - No Cached
  • nitric oxide (NO) released by tumor cells
  • Excellent work by Prof de Groot of Essen, indicated by adding exogenous xanthine oxidase ( XO) in hepatoma cells, hydrogen peroxide was produced to destroy the hepatoma cells
  • NO from eNOS in cancer cells can travel through membranes and over long distances in the body
  • ...43 more annotations...
  • NO also is co linked to VEGF which in turn increases the antiapoptotic gene bcl-2
  • The other important influence of NO is in its inhibition of the proapoptoic caspases cascade. This in turn protects the cells from intracellular preprogrammed death.
  • nitric oxide in immune suppression in relation to oxygen radicals is its inhibitory effect on the binding of leukocytes (PMN) at the endothelial surface
  • Inhibition of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS)
  • NO from the tumor cells actually suppresses the iNOS, and in addition it reduces oxygen radicals to stop the formation of peroxynitrite in these cells. But NO is not the only inhibitor of iNOS in cancer.
  • Spermine and spermidine, from the rate limiting enzyme for DNA synthases, ODC, also inhibit iNOS
  • tolerance in the immune system that decreases the immune response to antigens on the tumors
  • Freund’s adjuvant
  • increase in kinases in these cells which phosphorylate serine, and tyrosine
  • responsible for activation of many growth factors and enzymes
  • phosphorylated amino acids suppress iNOS activity
  • Hexokinase II
  • Prostaglandin E2, released from tumor cells is also an inhibitor of iNOS, as well as suppressing the immune system
  • Th-1 subset of T-cells. These cells are responsible for anti-viral and anti-cancer activities, via their cytokine production including Interleukin-2, (IL-2), and Interleukin-12 which stimulates T-killer cell replication and further activation and release of tumor fighting cytokines.
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 23 May 18
       
      Th1 cells stimulate NK and other tumor fighting macrophages via IL-2 and IL-12; In contrast, Th2, which is stimulated in allergies and parasitic infections, produce IL-4 and IL-10.  IL-4 and IL-10 inhibit TH-1 activation and the histamine released from mast cell degranulation upregulates T suppressor cells to further immune suppression.
  • Th-2 subset of lymphocytes, on the other hand are activated in allergies and parasitic infections to release Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-10
  • These have respectively inhibitory effects on iNOS and lymphocyte Th-1 activation
  • Mast cells contain histamine which when released increases the T suppressor cells, to lower the immune system and also acts directly on many tumor Histamine receptors to stimulate tumor growth
  • Tumor cells release IL-10, and this is thought to be one of the important areas of Th-1 suppression in cancer patients
  • IL-10 is also increased in cancer causing viral diseases such as HIV, HBV, HCV, and EBV
  • IL-10 is also a central regulator of cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin production in tumor cells stimulating their angiogenesis and NO production
  • nitric oxide in tumor cells even prevents the activation of caspases responsible for apoptosis
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 23 May 18
       
      NO produced by cancer cells inhibits proapoptotic pathways such as the caspases.
  • early stages of carcinogenesis, which we call tumor promotion, one needs a strong immune system, and fewer oxygen radicals to prevent mutations but still enough to destroy the tumor cells should they develop
  • later stages of cancer development, the oxygen radicals are decreased around the tumors and in the tumor cells themselves, and the entire cancer fighting Th-1 cell replication and movement are suppressed. The results are a decrease in direct toxicity and apoptosis, which is prevented by NO, a suppression of the macrophage and leukocyte toxicity and finally, a suppression of the T-cell induced tumor toxicity
  • cGMP is increased by NO
  • NO in cancer is its ability to increase platelet-tumor cell aggregates, which enhances metastases
  • the greater the malignancies and the greater the metastatic potential of these tumors
  • The greater the NO production in many types of tumors,
  • gynecological
  • elevated lactic acid which neutralizes the toxicity and activity of Lymphocyte immune response and mobility
  • The lactic acid is also feeding fungi around tumors and that leads to elevated histamine which increases T-suppressor cells.&nbsp; Histamine alone stimulates many tumor cells.
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 23 May 18
       
      The warburg effect in cancer cells results in the increase in local lactic acid production which suppresses lymphocyte activity and toxicity as well as stimulates histamine production with further stimulates tumor cell growth.
  • T-regulatory cells (formerly,T suppressor cells) down regulate the activity of Natural killer cells
  • last but not least, the Lactic acid from tumor cells and acidic diets shifts the lymphocyte activity to reduce its efficacy against cancer cells and pathogens in addition to altering the bacteria of the intestinal tract.
  • intestinal tract bacteria in cancer cells release sterols that suppress the immune system and down regulate anticancer activity from lymphocytes.
  • In addition to the lactic acid, adenosine is also released from tumors. Through IL-10, adenosine and other molecules secreted by regulatory T cells, the CD8+ cells can be inactivated to an anergic state
  • Adenosine up regulates the PD1 receptor in T-1 Lymphocytes and inhibits their activity
  • Adenosine is a purine nucleoside found within the interstitial fluid of solid tumors at concentrations that are able to inhibit cell-mediated immune responses to tumor cells
  • Adenosine appears to up-regulate the PD1 receptor in T-1 Lymphocytes and inhibits the immune system further
  • Mast cells with their release of histamine lower the immune system and also stimulate tumor growth and activate the metalloproteinases involved in angiogenesis and metastases
  • COX 2 inhibitors or all trans-retinoic acid
  • Cimetidine, an antihistamine has been actually shown to increase in apoptosis in MDSC via a separate mechanism than the antihistamine effect
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 23 May 18
       
      cimetidine is an H2 blocker
  • interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemokine related to invasion and angiogenesis
  • In vitro analyses revealed a striking induction of IL-8 expression in CAFs and LFs by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)
  • these data raise the possibility that the majority of CAFs in CLM originate from resident LFs. TNF-alpha-induced up-regulation of IL-8 via nuclear factor-kappaB in CAFs is an inflammatory pathway, potentially permissive for cancer invasion that may represent a novel therapeutic target
  • Nathan Goodyear on 23 May 18
     
    Great review of the immunosuppression in cancer driven by the likes of NO.
Nathan Goodyear

ScienceDirect.com - Toxicology - Estrogen receptor-α mediates the detrimental... - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0300483X04003658

ER alpha ER estrogen receptor DES diethylstilbestrol

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 03 Apr 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 03 Apr 13
     
    Study shows that the harmful effects of DES exposure is primarily through ER alpha stimulation.
Nathan Goodyear

Understanding lipoproteins as transporters of cholesterol and other lipids - 0 views

advan.physiology.org/...105.full

lipoproteins apolipoproteins cholesterol atherosclerosis CVD CAD

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 03 Jul 13 - No Cached
  • the density of each lipoprotein is clearly in a constant state of flux
  • Two lipoprotein fractions are primarily involved in transport of lipid to peripheral tissues, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) from the liver and chylomicrons from the intestinal tract
  • As lipid is removed from these two fractions, the density of each fraction increases, thereby transforming VLDL into intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and ultimately LDL, and chylomicrons into chylomicron remnants
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • LDL-cholesterol has been described, and overly simplified, as “bad cholesterol” and HDL-cholesterol as “good cholesterol.”
  • HDL, is primarily involved in returning lipid, largely cholesterol, to the liver in a process called reverse cholesterol transport
  • Two primary subfractions of HDL have been classified as the higher-density HDL3, and the less dense, more lipid-filled HDL2
  • Recent investigations are also suggesting that smaller, denser lipoproteins are associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic development
  • lipoproteins as transporters of lipid
  • Nathan Goodyear on 03 Jul 13
     
    Brief, but good review of lipoproteins and apoliproteins.
Nathan Goodyear

Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Predictors for Clinical Benign Prostatic Hy... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...27351328

metabolic syndrome BPH LUTS lower urinary tract symptoms prostate men men's health

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 30 Jun 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 30 Jun 16
     
    Metabolic syndrome in men associated with progressive BPH and increased severity of LUTS.
Nathan Goodyear

Arch Intern Med -- Abstract: Association Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and Up... - 0 views

archinte.ama-assn.org/...384

vitamin D vitamin D respiratory infections URI cold flu influenza

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 14 Dec 11 - Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 14 Dec 11
     
    Vitamin D levels are inversely associated with respiratory infections.  The lower your vitamin D, the higher your risk of respiratory infections.
Nathan Goodyear

Therapy in the Early Stage: Incretins - 0 views

care.diabetesjournals.org/...S264.full

incretins glucose diabetes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Dec 13 - No Cached
  • Increased resistance to insulin action in the skeletal muscle and liver associated with enhanced hepatic glucose output and impaired insulin secretion due to a progressive decline of β-cell function are long-recognized core defects
  • in addition, other mechanisms/organs are involved, augmenting the pathological pathways: adipocytes (altered fat metabolism due to insulin resistance), gastrointestinal tract (incretin deficiency and/or resistance), pancreatic α-cells (hyperglucagonemia and increased hepatic sensitivity to glucagon), kidneys (enhanced glucose reabsorption), and central nervous system (insulin resistance)
  • β-cell failure
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 11 Dec 13
       
      and studies have shown that a reduction in insulin function will decrease LH production and thus lead to a decrease in Testosterone production in men.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Incretins are gut-derived hormones, members of the glucagon superfamily, released in response to nutrient ingestion (mainly glucose and fat)
  • They exert a wide range of effects, including stimulation of pancreatic insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner and play an important role in the local gastrointestinal and whole-body physiology
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Dec 13
     
    good discussion on incretins and their role in glucose homeostasis. 
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