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Docosahexaenoic acid-enriched egg consumption induces accretion of arachidonic acid in erythrocytes of elderly patients. Payet M, Esmail MH, Polichetti E, Le Brun G, Adjemout L, Donnarel G, Portugal H, Pieroni G. Br J Nutr. 2004 May;91(5):789-96. PMID: 15137931 doi:10.1079/BJN20041106

Omega 3 fatty acids and the brain: review of studies in depression. Sinclair AJ, Begg D, Mathai M, Weisinger RS. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16 Suppl 1:391-7. Review. PMID: 17392137 This paper discusses the clinical studies conducted in the area of depression and omega 3 PUFA and the possible mechanisms of action of these PUFA. It is clear from the literature that DHA is involved in a variety of processes in neural cells and that its role is far more complex than simply influencing cell membrane properties.

"Not everyone has access to pastured eggs. "Omega-3 eggs" come from hens fed an omega-3 enriched diet*. Not only do they have a much higher omega-3 content than conventional eggs, they also contain less AA. One study found that omega-3 eggs contain 39% less AA than conventional and organic eggs. Omega-3 eggs were also rich in short- and long-chain omega-3 fats. Omega-3 eggs are certainly not nutritionally equivalent to pastured eggs, but they're a step in the right direction. "

Modulation of inflammation in brain: a matter of fat. Farooqui AA, Horrocks LA, Farooqui T. J Neurochem. 2007 May;101(3):577-99. Epub 2007 Jan 25. Review. PMID: 17257165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04371.x

Phospholipase A2-generated lipid mediators in the brain: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Farooqui AA, Horrocks LA. Neuroscientist. 2006 Jun;12(3):245-60. Review. PMID: 16684969 DOI: 10.1177/1073858405285923

Comparison of biochemical effects of statins and fish oil in brain: the battle of the titans. Farooqui AA, Ong WY, Horrocks LA, Chen P, Farooqui T. Brain Res Rev. 2007 Dec;56(2):443-71. Epub 2007 Oct 23. Review. PMID: 17959252 doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.09.004    

Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review of potential mechanisms. Larsson SC, Kumlin M, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Wolk A. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun;79(6):935-45. Review. PMID: 15159222

A lipidomic analysis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Puri P, Baillie RA, Wiest MM, Mirshahi F, Choudhury J, Cheung O, Sargeant C, Contos MJ, Sanyal AJ. Hepatology. 2007 Oct;46(4):1081-90. PMID: 17654743 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21763

Why fish oils may not always be adequate treatments for depression or other inflammatory illnesses: docosahexaenoic acid, an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, induces a Th-1-like immune response. Maes M, Mihaylova I, Kubera M, Bosmans E. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2007 Dec;28(6):875-80. PMID: 18063921

Immunomodulation by omega-3 fatty acids. Calder PC. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2007 Nov-Dec;77(5-6):327-35. Epub 2007 Nov 26. Review. PMID: 18032006 doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2007.10.015

Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators. Serhan CN, Chiang N, Van Dyke TE. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 May;8(5):349-61. Review. PMID: 18437155 doi:10.1038/nri2294

The relationship between the fatty acid composition of immune cells and their function. Calder PC. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008 Sep-Nov;79(3-5):101-8. Epub 2008 Oct 23. Review. PMID: 18951005 doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.016

Novel omega -- 3-derived local mediators in anti-inflammation and resolution. Serhan CN. Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Jan;105(1):7-21. Review. PMID: 15626453 doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.09.002

Different effects of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the activation of rat smooth muscle cells by interleukin-1 beta. Bousserouel S, Brouillet A, Béréziat G, Raymondjean M, Andréani M. J Lipid Res. 2003 Mar;44(3):601-11. Epub 2003 Jan 1. PMID: 12562859 doi:10.1194/jlr.M200092-JLR200

Dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid, but not with other long-chain n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, decreases natural killer cell activity in healthy subjects aged >55 y. Thies F, Nebe-von-Caron G, Powell JR, Yaqoob P, Newsholme EA, Calder PC. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Mar;73(3):539-48. PMID: 11237929

The role of eicosanoids in the brain. Tassoni D, Kaur G, Weisinger RS, Sinclair AJ. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17 Suppl 1:220-8. Review. PMID: 18296342 Liberation of these PUFA from the phosphoglycerides occurs via the action of specific phospholipases (PLA2).

Because of their health-promoting abilities, omega-3 fatty acids have received recognition from some of the top medical organizations in the world including, the American Heart Association, American Diabetes Association, World Health Organization, United Kingdom Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition, European Society for Cardiology, and The British Nutrition Foundation.

Essential fatty acids and their metabolites could function as endogenous HMG-CoA reductase and ACE enzyme inhibitors, anti-arrhythmic, anti-hypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and cardioprotective molecules.\nDas UN.\nLipids Health Dis. 2008 Oct 15;7:37. Review.\nPMID: 18922179 \ndoi:10.1186/1476-511X-7-37

Docosahexaenoic acid suppresses arachidonic acid-induced proliferation of LS-174T human colon carcinoma cells. Habbel P, Weylandt KH, Lichopoj K, Nowak J, Purschke M, Wang JD, He CW, Baumgart DC, Kang JX. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Mar 7;15(9):1079-84. PMID: 19266600 doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.1079.