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most conventional radiation and brain cancer chemotherapies can enhance glioma energy metabolism and invasive properties, which would contribute to tumor recurrence and reduced patient survival [34].
We contend that all cancer regardless of tissue or cellular origin is a disease of abnormal energy metabolism
complex disease phenotypes can be managed through self-organizing networks that display system wide dynamics involving oxidative and non-oxidative (substrate level) phosphorylation
As long as brain tumors are provided a physiological environment conducive for their energy needs they will survive; when this environment is restricted or abruptly changed they will either grow slower, growth arrest, or perish [8] and [19]
New information also suggests that ketones are toxic to some human tumor cells and that ketones and ketogenic diets might restrict availability of glutamine to tumor cells [68], [69] and [70].
The success in dealing with environmental stress and disease is therefore dependent on the integrated action of all cells in the organism
Tumor cells survive in hypoxic environments not because they have inherited genes making them more fit or adaptable than normal cells, but because they have damaged mitochondria and have thus acquired the ability to derive energy largely through substrate level phosphorylation
Cancer cells survive and multiply only in physiological environments that provide fuels (mostly glucose and glutamine) subserving their requirement for substrate level phosphorylation
Integrity of the inner mitochondrial membrane is necessary for ketone body metabolism since β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the first step in the metabolism of β-OHB to acetoacetate, interacts with cardiolipin and other phospholipids in the inner membrane
the mitochondria of many gliomas and most tumors for that matter are dysfunctional
Cardiolipin is essential for efficient oxidative energy production and mitochondrial function
Any genetic or environmental alteration in the content or composition of cardiolipin will compromise energy production through oxidative phosphorylation
The Crabtree effect involves the inhibition of respiration by high levels of glucose
the Warburg effect involves elevated glycolysis from impaired oxidative phosphorylation
the Crabtree effect can be reversible, the Warburg effect is largely irreversible because its origin is with permanently damaged mitochondria
The continued production of lactic acid in the presence of oxygen is the metabolic hallmark of most cancers and is referred to as aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect
We recently described how the retrograde signaling system could induce changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes to facilitate tumor cell survival following mitochondrial damage [48].
In addition to glycolysis, glutamine can also increase ATP production under hypoxic conditions through substrate level phosphorylation in the TCA cycle after its metabolism to α-ketoglutarate
mitochondrial lipid abnormalities, which alter electron transport activities, can account in large part for the Warburg effect
targeting both glucose and glutamine metabolism could be effective for managing most cancers including brain cancer
The bulk of experimental evidence indicates that mitochondria are dysfunctional in tumors and incapable of generating sufficient ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
Cardiolipin defects in tumor cells are also associated with reduced activities of several enzymes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain making it unlikely that tumor cells with cardiolipin abnormalities can generate adequate energy through oxidative phosphorylation
The Crabtree effect involves the inhibition of respiration by high levels of glucose
Warburg effect involves elevated glycolysis from impaired oxidative phosphorylation
TCA cycle substrate level phosphorylation could therefore become another source of ATP production in tumor cells with impairments in oxidative phosphorylation
Caloric restriction, which lowers glucose and elevates ketone bodies [63] and [64], improves mitochondrial respiratory function and glutathione redox state in normal cells
DR naturally inhibits glycolysis and tumor growth by lowering circulating glucose levels, while at the same time, enhancing the health and vitality of normal cells and tissues through ketone body metabolism
DR is anti-angiogenic
DR also reduces angiogenesis in prostate and breast cancer
We suggest that apoptosis resistance arises largely from enhanced substrate level phosphorylation of tumor cells and to the genes associated with elevated glycolysis and glutaminolysis, e.g., c-Myc, Hif-1a, etc, which inhibit apoptosis
Modern medicine has not looked favorably on diet therapies for managing complex diseases especially when well-established procedures for acceptable clinical practice are available, regardless of how ineffective these procedures might be in managing the disease
More than 60 years of clinical research indicates that such approaches are largely ineffective in extending survival or improving quality of life
The process is rooted in the well-established scientific principle that tumor cells are largely dependent on substrate level phosphorylation for their survival and growth
Glucose and glutamine drive substrate level phosphorylation
targeting the glycolytically active tumor cells that produce pro-cachexia molecules, restricted diet therapies can potentially reduce tumor cachexia
It is important to recognize, however, that “more is not better” with respect to the ketogenic diet
Blood glucose ranges between 3.0 and 3.5 mM (55–65 mg/dl) and β-OHB ranges between 4 and 7 mM should be effective for tumor management
small study, but complex carbs found to increase Testosterone more than high protein diet. That goes against most marketing. In contrast, cortisol was the opposite.
case study highlights the use of a calorie restricted, ketogenic diet to augment glioblastoma multiforme. In incomplete resection, at 2 months no brain tumor was visualized via PET and MRI.
high fructose diet for just 9 weeks, > 60% liquid fructose, in rat model found to increase visceral adiposity, triglycerides, and lead to leptin resistance.