Extensive research within the past two decades has shown that curcumin mediates its anti-inflammatory effects through the downregulation of inflammatory transcription factors (such as nuclear factor κB), enzymes (such as cyclooxygenase 2 and 5 lipoxygenase) and cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1 and interleukin 6)
A marked decrease in anti-oxidant marker enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH) and increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) was observed in the diabetic rats
inger may be used as therapeutic agent in preventing complications in diabetic patients.
These results suggest that ginger exhibit a neuroprotective effect by accelerating brain anti-oxidant defense mechanisms and down regulating the MDA levels to the normal levels in the diabetic rats
hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase plays a key role in regulating these processes. Leptin, insulin, glucose and alpha-lipoic acid have been shown to reduce food intake by lowering hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase activity,
Genetic polymorphisms adversely affecting sulfur metabolism, methylation, detoxification, dopamine signaling and the formation of neuronal networks occur more frequently in autistic subjects.
a "redox/methylation hypothesis of autism" is described, in which oxidative stress, initiated by environment factors in genetically vulnerable individuals, leads to impaired methylation and neurological deficits secondary to reductions in the capacity for synchronizing neural networks.
men with HIV have GSH depleted macrophages. GSH is the reduced, ready to act form of Glutathione. In contrast, the macrophages were high in the oxidized form of Glutathione--GSSG. In HIV, the high inflammation increased oxidative stress, likely overwhelmed Nrf2 activation and resulted in decreased GSH synthase transcription and thus decreased Glutathione production balance.
Summary of 2010 report on marathons and the heart. Less fit runners can do significant damage to the heart i.e. fibrosis compared to fit runners. V02 max is a good way to assess aerobic endurance and differentiate between the two. Dr Larose showed via MRI that it can take 3 months for the heart to recover.
Another animal study finds Testosterone plays a role in bladder cancer development. The study used anti androgen and 5 alpha reductase inhibitor therapy to see if these add on therapies provided anything to ADR whether via castration or pituitary suppression--the answer was no. The authors concluded that Testosterone played more of a role with AR versus the more active 5alpha-DHT metabolite.
HFCS consists of fructose and glucose mixed in a variety of concentrations, but most commonly as 55% fructose and 45% glucose
In the United States, HFCS and sucrose are the major sources of fructose in the diet, and HFCS is a major ingredient in soft drinks, pastries, desserts, and various processed foods
fructose and glucose are metabolized in completely different ways and utilize different GLUT transporters
In the liver, fructose bypasses the two highly regulated steps of glycolysis, catalyzed by glucokinase/hexokinase and phosphofructokinase both of which are inhibited by increasing concentrations of their byproducts. Instead, fructose enters the pathway at a level that is not regulated and is metabolized to fructose-1-phosphate primarily by fructokinase or ketohexokinase
Fructokinase has no negative feedback system, and ATP is used for the phosphorylation process. As a result, continued fructose metabolism results in intracellular phosphate depletion, activation of AMP deaminase, and uric acid generation which is harmful at the cellular level
Uric acid, a byproduct of fructose degradation,
Uric acid inhibits endothelial NO both in vivo and in vitro, [15] and directly induces adipocyte dysfunction
Serum uric acid increases rapidly after ingestion of fructose, resulting in increases as high as 2 mg/dL within 1 hour
Uncontrolled fructose metabolism leads to postprandial hypertriglyceridemia, which increases visceral adipose deposition. Visceral adiposity contributes to hepatic triglyceride accumulation, protein kinase C activation, and hepatic insulin resistance by increasing the portal delivery of free fatty acids to the liver
Several reviews have concluded that intake of both fructose and HFCS by children and adults was associated with an increased risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome
Sucrose is a disaccharide that is comprised of fructose and glucose
night time salivary cortisol found to correlate with early morning urine samples in those with Cushing's. This in addition to the nocturnal salivary cortisol correlation found in past studies. The positive studies on salivary cortisol testing continues to build.
low sensitivity CRP associated with increased short-term and long-term mortality in hospitalized patients. Also associated with a 28 fold increase in cancer mortality.