Omega-3, DHA and EPA, exert anti-inflammatory effects through GPR120 receptor. This improved insulin sensitivity and had diabetes effects in-vivo model. The effect was through the reduction of macrophage-induced inflammatory cytokines.
alpha lipoic acid shown to reduce diabetic neuropathy in this review of 15 clinical trials. The trials included both IV and oral administration of alpha lipoic acid. Both routes of administration revealed positive reduction of neuropathic symptoms.
Study looked at muscle loss in older men and found that low activity, type II diabetes, low Total Testosterone and low free Testosterone, and increased PTH are associated with an increased muscle loss
Omega 3 associated with improved insulin sensitivity, reduced HbA1C, reduced fasting glucose. This study looked at the specific effect of EPA in those with type II diabetes
Coffee, whether caffeinated or decaffeinated, is found to reduce the risk of type II diabetes in meta-analysis. According to the authors, it is the polyphenols that provide the benefits.
Study of men with type I Diabetes finds no significant increase in association with low T. What they did find was an association with obesity, age, and decreased SHBG. Increasing insulin dosage was associated with lower "calculated" free Testosterone--this is something that should be explored further.
The relationship of low testosterone to MetS often is considered to be bidirectional; however, the relationships probably are not direct
Many of the components of the MetS are recognized risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Multiple cross-sectional studies have found low TT and low sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels in Caucasian and African-American men with the MetS, irrespective of age
Low TT and SHBG levels also are prevalent in Chinese [7],[8] and Korean [9] men with the MetS
Normally 40%-50% of TT is bound to SHBG, so reducing SHBG levels will decrease TT.
Hyperinsulinism suppresses SHBG synthesis and secretion by the liver
significant increase in SHBG levels occurred after acutely lowering insulin levels in obese men
Estradiol levels are increased in men with the MetS, and they are positively correlated with the number of abnormal components of the MetS.
Although it is known that estrogen will increase SHBG levels, apparently the hyperinsulinism associated with obesity has a greater effect on SHBG levels
Estradiol also can inhibit luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion
Inflammatory cytokines are thought to have a direct effect on the pituitary to reduce LH secretion [15] and also a direct effect on Leydig cell secretion of testosterone
Low TT Levels have been shown to predict development of the MetS in men with normal BMI
Men in the lowest quartiles of serum TT, calculated free testosterone (cFT) and SHBG at baseline had the highest odds ratios for developing the MetS or DM during the 11 years follow-up
More recently, investigators conducting population-based studies have reported that only SHBG is associated with future development of the MetS
Additional evidence that low TT increases the risk of MetS comes from androgen deprivation treatment of prostate cancer
Low TT and low bioavailable testosterone (bT) were each significantly associated with elevated 20 years risk of CVD mortality in an older population in which cause-specific mortality was age, adiposity, and lifestyle-adjusted.
combination of low bT and ATP III-defined MetS is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in men aged 40 years and above
in elderly men, testosterone may weakly protect against CVD. Alternatively, low TT may indicate poor general health
Muraleedharan and Jones [27] concluded that there is convincing evidence that low T is a biomarker for disease severity and mortality.
The evidence that TRT improves insulin sensitivity and glucose control is conflicted
It is widely recognized that testosterone treatment can reduce fat mass and increase lean body mass; however, until recently most reports have not been associated with much weight loss
Changes in body composition and weight loss are considered potential mechanisms by which testosterone treatment improves insulin sensitivity and glucose control in patients with diabetes. Effects on inflammatory cytokines [38] and changes in oxidative metabolism [39] also have been reported to improve glucose metabolism.
Testosterone replacement therapy has been reported to improve some or all of the components of the MetS.
The data management of a clinical trial is a crucial step for the firms that are undergoing research studies in the hospitals. Maintaining the quality and integrity of clinical data is yet another daring task to perform. Many of recent studies showed numerous troubles with data management system (DMS) in clinical trials performed at academic organizations.
shortened survival and an increased risk of disease recurrence and metastasis
Currently, four HER2-directed agents are approved for the treatment of patients with HER2+ breast cancer: trastuzumab, pertuzumab, lapatinib, and ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1)
biosimilars
trastuzumab may provide greater benefit when administered concurrently with chemotherapy rather than after, and this has become the standard approach
concurrent use of anthracyclines (ie, doxorubicin or epirubicin) and trastuzumab is not recommended because of an increased risk for cardiac toxicity
Guidelines also recommend trastuzumab in combination with paclitaxel, docetaxel and carboplatin, or docetaxel and cyclophosphamide, particularly for patients with increased risk for cardiac toxicity or those with small (≤1 cm), node-negative HER2+ tumors
good alternative in patients with increased risk of cardiac toxicity.
guidelines recommend up to 1 year of adjuvant trastuzumab
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with trastuzumab is associated with higher rates of pathologic complete response (pCR) than chemotherapy alone or in combination with lapatinib
the combination of trastuzumab, lapatinib, and chemotherapy is not recommended because it failed to demonstrate noninferiority versus trastuzumab and chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting
recommend the combination of trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment for patients with locally advanced HER2+ breast cancer and for some patients (node-positive or tumor ≥2 cm) with early-stage disease
neoadjuvant chemotherapy in combination with pertuzumab and trastuzumab reduced the risk of progression or death by 31% and recurrence or death by 40% versus trastuzumab alone
Concurrent chemotherapy and HER2-directed therapy improves survival outcomes over chemotherapy alon
dual inhibition of HER2 with trastuzumab and pertuzumab in combination with paclitaxel reduced the risk of death or progression by approximately 40% compared with concurrent trastuzumab and paclitaxel
the combination of trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and taxane chemotherapy is the preferred first-line regimen