Breast augmentation procedure is designed to enhance the size and fullness of the breasts, usually with breast implants. If you are unhappy with the appearance of your breasts because they are smaller in size or they have lost their volume or shape due to pregnancy or rapid weight fluctuations, you might consider a breast augmentation to get the breasts of your desire.
NF-kappaB and the associated inflammatory pathways are associated with tumor growth, vascular growth within the tumor, and increased migration of macrophages--thus more inflammation. When NF-kappaB inhibition was achieved, tumor macrophages and new tumor blood vessel growth was decreased. Reduced blood vessel growth to the tumor has implications on metastasis of the tumor.
progesterone levels at the time of surgery predict outcome. Higher progesterone levels associated with increased longevity. progesterone > 4 ng/ml associated with 65% survival at 18 years versus 35% with those women and low progesterone.
Women with the highest progesterone levels during pregnancy have an inverse low breast cancer risk. This association was found with premenopausal breast cancer. The reduction was upwards of 70%. One fault of this study is the use of serum hormone levels.
Women with low progesterone have 5.4 x elevated risk of premenopausal breast cancer. This was a study done on women seeking fertility. This study followed women for 33 years.
The ratio of the 2-hydroxylation pathway to parent estrogens was associated with a statistically significantly decreased risk of breast cancer
In this study, this ratio was more strongly associated with the risk of breast cancer compared with the ratio of 2-hydroxylation pathway to 16-hydroxylation pathway or unconjugated estradiol alone
2-hydroxylation pathway catechols have relatively low affinities for estrogen receptors (4) and are rapidly cleared from circulation
In this study, the ratio of the 2-hydroxylation pathway to the 16-hydroxylation pathway was associated with a non-statistically significantly decreased risk of breast cancer
In this study, the ratio of catechols to methylated catechols in the 4-hydroxylation pathway was associated with statistically significantly increased risk of breast cancer.
This result is consistent with the hypothesis that mutagenic quinones derived from 4-hydroxylation pathway catechols contribute to pathogenesis of postmenopausal breast cancer.
Catechols in both the 2- and 4-hydroxylation pathways can be oxidized to form quinones; these reactive electrophiles can then react with DNA to form a variety of adducts
Methylation of the catechols prevents their conversion to reactive quinones
the most common DNA adducts derived from 4-hydroxylation pathway catechols are depurinating and highly mutagenic (7,40), most of those derived from 2-hydroxylation pathway catechols are stable and can be repaired with little error