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Nathan Goodyear

The Role of Vitamin C in Human Immunity and Its Treatment Potential Against COVID-19: A... - 0 views

  • vitamins A, B, C, E, B6, B12, folate, zinc, iron, copper, and selenium
  • White blood cells, including neutrophils and monocytes, accumulate concentrations of vitamin C up to 100 times greater than that of plasma
  • Vitamin C is a crucial component of both the innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) portions of the immune system
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  • play a role during the initial chemotactic response of neutrophils shortly after infection
  • following vitamin C supplementation, a 20% increase in neutrophil chemotactic activity was observed
  • also contributes to the phagocytosis and killing of microbes by neutrophils
  • low levels of vitamin C occurring in high-stress situations
  • maturation, proliferation, and viability of T cells have all been shown to be upregulated by the presence of normal physiologic concentrations of vitamin C
  • Vitamin C has been shown to directly affect the number of Igs released from B cells
  • vitamin C among healthy young adult males showed a significant increase in serum levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM
  • effects of high-dose vitamin C on cytokine levels in cancer patients, finding decreased amounts of the cytokines Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-2, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) after high-dose vitamin C infusion
  • when vitamin C was supplemented with vitamin E in healthy adults, it increased the production of cytokines IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha
  • vitamin C acts to modulate the levels of cytokines to prevent them from fluctuating in either direction
  • vitamin C also acts as an important antioxidant to the cells of the immune system.
  • human leukocytes, neutrophils, in particular, possess the ability to transport the oxidized form of vitamin C across its membrane to use as a defense mechanism against ROS produced during an immune response
  • Vitamin C also can recover other endogenous antioxidants in the body such as vitamin E and glutathione, returning them to their active state
  • vitamin C can decrease the activation of NF-kB
  • can reduce harmful nitrogen-based compounds such as N-nitrosamines and nitrosamides, both of which are carcinogenic 
  • subjects taking oral vitamin C supplementation saw a 60% to 90% reduction in oxidative stress compared to a placebo control
  • subjects infused with vitamin C alone had a 516% increase in glutathione levels compared to subjects not provided the 500 mg daily supplementation
  • hydroxylating proline and lysine
  • mature and stabilize the tissue of a healing wound
  • healing
  • oral surgery
  • improved soft tissue regeneration
  • vitamin C increases the mRNA levels of type I and type III collagen in the human dermis
  • Studies have demonstrated that those with low levels of vitamin C are at a significantly higher risk of respiratory infection compared to those with normal levels
  • viral cold duration was reduced by about 8% in adults and 13.5% in children using prophylactic daily doses of 200 mg of oral vitamin C
  • prophylactically supplementing vitamin C decreases the risk of infection with respiratory viruses such as the common cold
  • combined with probiotics, oral vitamin C supplementation showed a 33% decrease in the incidence of respiratory tract infections in preschool-age children [
  • high-dose oral supplementation of vitamin C managed to prevent or reduce symptoms if taken before or just after the onset of cold- or flu-like symptoms
  • improvements in oxygen saturation and decreased IL-6 levels (a marker of inflammation) in the treatment group compared to the control group
  • 8 g doses of oral vitamin C
  • there is a negative correlation between age and serum levels of vitamin C
  • Patients with COVID-19 will likely also experience depletion in serum levels of vitamin C as a direct result of the upregulation of the immune system to combat the infection
  • Colunga et al. suggested that oral vitamin C can be combined with oral Quercetin, an antiviral flavonoid, to improve Quercetin’s ability to block viral membrane fusion of SARS-CoV-2
  • high doses of 1-2 g/day of oral vitamin C could prevent other upper respiratory infections
  • It appears vitamin C supplementation by itself does not provide a striking benefit in preventing COVID-19 infection for those without a deficiency
    • Nathan Goodyear
       
      Flawed statement. What is normal? Vitamin D. Many variables effect levels and dose, including the two compartment kinetics and absorption.
  • Hiedra et al. were able to show decreases in inflammatory biomarkers, such as D-dimer and ferritin
  • some evidence to support that prophylactic use of vitamin C helps reduce the severity of respiratory infection symptoms once a subject has already been infected
  • oral vitamin C in combination with zinc provided the largest amount of antibody titers 42 days
  • linear relationship between days of vitamin C therapy and survival duration
  • other studies were unable to find any definitive improvement concerning therapy with vitamin C
    • Nathan Goodyear
       
      Either these studies are designed to fail or the authors are lacking some basic understanding of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with vitamin C.
  • Fowler et al. aimed to see if a high-dose vitamin C infusion would benefit patients affected by ARDS, but they were unable to conclude that vitamin C infusion, compared to a placebo, could decrease vascular inflammation and damage in ARDS
    • Nathan Goodyear
       
      At what dose, duration, frequency???
  • in a sample of 67 COVID-19-positive ICU patients, 82% of them displayed plasma vitamin C levels below 0.4 mg/dL
    • Nathan Goodyear
       
      They are kind of make the point from my earlier note.
  • continuous vitamin C infusion at a rate of 60 mg/kg/day for four days decreased the need for mechanical ventilation and vasopressor use but had no significant effect on overall mortality
    • Nathan Goodyear
       
      Again, designed to fail or ignorance designed the study which failed
  • Carr et al. suggested that high-dose IV vitamin C is most effective when treating sepsis as septic patients receiving the normal daily recommendations through diet still showed decreased vitamin C levels
  • High-dose IV vitamin C treatment has also been shown by Kakodkar et al. to decrease syndecan-1, an endothelial glycocalyx that contributes to mortality in septic patients
  • combined with hydrocortisone and thiamine, septic patients treated with 1.5 g of IV vitamin C every six hours showed a distinct decrease in their SOFA scores and none of the patients treated developed organ failure
  • combined with hydrocortisone and thiamine, septic patients treated with 1.5 g of IV vitamin C every six hours showed a distinct decrease in their SOFA scores and none of the patients treated developed organ failure
  • reduced overall mortality
  • reduced overall mortality
  • propose the use for high-dose vitamin C to aid in the treatment of septic shock-induced hypotension
  • treatment of severe sepsis using a high dose (up to 200 mg/kg/day) of IV vitamin C was explored in phase I, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial by Fowler et al. [75]. Their findings included a reduction in SOFA scores and decreased vascular injury compared to a placebo control group, all while showing minimal adverse side effects
    • Nathan Goodyear
       
      High dose here is laughable. Again, duration and frequency also.
  • Maintaining a daily intake of 75 and 100 mg for men and women, respectively, as recommended by the U.S. Institute of Medicine
    • Nathan Goodyear
       
      This recommendation is FRANK IGNORANCE
Nathan Goodyear

JAMA Network | JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association | Effect of Homocy... - 0 views

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    This is a very good study.  Folic acid, Vitamin B12 and Vitamin B6 was found to lower Cardiovascular events through lowering homocysteine levels.  
Nathan Goodyear

Homocysteine Lowering and Cardiovascular Events after Acute Myocardial Infarction - NEJM - 0 views

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    NORVIT trial showed that vitamin B12, B6, and folic acid reduced homocysteine levels by 27%, however it did not lower MI, stroke,or mortality rate.  ONe variable to consider is the polypharmacy of the study group ie.  they were taking statins, beta blockers, diuretics, coumadin... so was the lack of change in mortality the result of polypharmacy?  And was the polypharmacy blocking the increased CVD risks associated with elevated homocysteine that would have been treatable with vitamin B12, B6, and folic acid.
Nathan Goodyear

Vitamin B6 supplementation can improve peripheral polyneuropathy in patients ... - 0 views

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    vitamin B6 was shown to improve peripheral neuropathy in renal failure patients.  
Nathan Goodyear

Sensory Neuropathy from Pyridoxine Abuse - NEJM - 0 views

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    older study.  High dosage vitamin B6 associated with short term ataxia and and neuropathy.  This resolved following removal.   Dosage unknown.
Nathan Goodyear

Impact of vitamin B6 status on psychological distress in a longitudinal study of HIV-1 ... - 0 views

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    Vitamin B6 very important in brain physiologic function
Nathan Goodyear

Cambridge Journals Online - Abstract - Vitamin B6: a challenging link between nutrition... - 0 views

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    Vitamin B6 deficiency and inflammatory diseases
Nathan Goodyear

Decreased Rate of Coronary Restenosis after Lowering of Plasma Homocysteine Levels - NEJM - 0 views

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    lowering homocysteine reduced the rate of coronary restenosis.  A combination of folic acid, Vitamin B12, and Vitamin B6 were used to lower homocysteine.
Nathan Goodyear

Homocysteine Lowering with Folic Acid and B Vitamins in Vascular Disease - NEJM - 0 views

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    Vitamin B12, B6, and folic acid shown to lower homocysteine levels and decreased the incidence of stroke.  However, overall mortality and CVD deaths were not.
Nathan Goodyear

Targeting Synaptic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease by Administering a Specific Nutri... - 0 views

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    Combination of DHA, EPA, choline, phospholipids, Folate, B12, B6, vitamin C and E, and selenium improves memory and cognitive function in those with mild Alzheimer's disease.
Nathan Goodyear

The central role of magnesium deficiency in Tourette's syndrome: causal relationships b... - 0 views

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    Tourette's syndrome proposed to have magnesium deficiency and vitamin B6 at its core.  Only abstract available here.
Nathan Goodyear

Vitamin-Dependent Methionine Metabolism and Alcoholic Liver Disease - 0 views

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    nice article discussing disrupted methionine metabolism and development of Alcoholic Liver Disease
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