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mokoena03

A VICTORIAN GENRE: MILITARY MEMOIRS AND THE ANGLO-ZULU WAR.pdf - 0 views

Palesa Mokoena

shared by mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • values of empire: the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 generated more than most, and continues to do so over one hundred years lat
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 is the most recognized and well known war because a lot of people died and a lot of changes happen after this war.
  • Zulu military system swallowed up the individuality of the Zulu men, subjecting them to the demands of a warrior tradi
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      During the 1800s Zulu men dedicated their lives to serving the king, thus becoming warriors who swallowed up their individuality.
  • The first major scene was the scramble to get a billet in the promising war against Cetshwayo after the news of Isandlwana was published in Britain. Ambitious and
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The Isandlwana massacre was the beginning of the war.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • . The whole army in Zululand was badly rattled by Isandlwana and there were numerous instances of collective panic.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The Zulu army was rattled by the Isandlwana massacre because that was a big war and it created enemies for them and they lost their people.
  • counterpart. The Zulus came to be seen as a warrior caste with qualities that outshone those of a restless and ungrateful British urban working class.
mokoena03

Imperial Strategy and the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879.pdf - 0 views

Palesa Mokoena

shared by mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • O’CONNOR On 22 January 1879, the British army suffered its worst colonial defeat of the nineteenth century when 1,500 men armed with the most modern weapons then available were wiped out at the battle of Isandlwana by a Zulu army––an impi––of 25,000 warriors armed only with spears.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The 22 January 1879 is a significant date because it was a massacre where men died. At the battle of Isandlwana.
  • t bayonet point, they fought a last-round defense against 4,000 Zulu warriors which earned them a victory and eleven Victoria Crosses––the highest number of the highest award for bravery ever bestowed on a single day in British military history.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The British army then fought against 4000 Zulu warriors. This was a remarkable British military history
  • It has often been posited that the British Empire provides an example of greedy capitalists dispossessing indigenous peoples in their search for new markets and raw materials, 1 yet whenever one looks into the particular circumstances of an episode of expansion, it is very difficult to isolate a viable economic motive.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The British Empire was a greedy empire that wanted to take away the resources, and belongings of the indigenous people and own everything. They did this during their search for new markets and raw material
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • expanded her control over wide areas of Southern Africa during the nineteenth century against the opposition of indigenous peoples and the original Dutch settlers, the Boers, while at the same time repudiating any desire for an increase in territory or responsibility
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      Britain expanded it's control on most areas in South Africa
  • This article will argue that the roots of this war lay in the strategic importance of the Cape route to India and the particular strategic situation of the British Empire in 1879.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The roots of the Anglo-Zulu War lay in the strategic importance of the Cape route to India
  • Cetshwayo, however, was not a passive victim in the process that led to war. Rather , he was a shrewd leader who unfortunately suffered from an overwhelming ignorance of the extent of British power
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      King Cetshwayo was a leader who was suffering from ignorance of the extent of the British empire
  • Frere, however, making Cape Town secure was only part of the answer to external threats, and he argued that there were a number of opportunities for European powers to intervene in Southern Africa if they so wished.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      Frere believed that they were many possibilities for European powers to intervene in South Africa.
  • ly , Cetshwayo had looked to the British as a potential ally against Boer land claims in the Disputed Territory along the Transvaal-Zululand border. Now he was in direct dispute with them.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      At first King Cetshwayo did not see the Europeans as enemies or rivalries. However, that changed because of everything that has been happening, and now that he was aware of the European's plans he was thus in direct dispute with them.
  • Frere’s context was, therefore, that of a leading strategic thinker sent out to prepare a vulnerable point in the empire for a widely expected war with Russia that would include as a feature the possibility of a cruiser attack or commando raid on the ports of South Africa.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The war had key role players or people who played important roles in the war, Like Frere, King Cetshwayo, and others. Frere was a British leading strategic thinker, who was sent out to prepare vulnerable points in the empire.
  • The king has changed his tone. He says that he is tired of talking and now intends to fight and that he can easily eat up the whole lot of whitemen [sic] like pieces of meat and then not have enough... that as soon as Secucuni heard that fighting had begun, he would attack us also.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The Zulu King Cetshwayo got tired of playing nice, he then decided to go to war.
  • the Anglo–Zulu War of 1879: an unauthorized aggression conducted for reasons of geopolitical strategy by a man who considered himself to have the interests of the empire at heart and who distrusted the good faith of politicians. It was emphatically not, as has often been claimed in historiography,
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The Anglo Zulu War was Thus a
thendo359

The Role of the Diamond-Mining Industry in the Development of the Pass-Law System in So... - 2 views

Thendo Magoba

shared by thendo359 on 28 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The industrial col
    • thendo359
      thendo359 on 28 Apr 23
       
      color bar means a set of societal barriers that segregate people of color from white people. white people demanded a 'color bar' to protect their access to certain jobs.
  • The discovery of a small diamond in 1867 first drew serious attention to the possibility of the existence of diamond deposits in S
    • thendo359
      thendo359 on 28 Apr 23
       
      this discovery of diamonds led to many explorers sailing to south Africa.
  • Their suggested punishment for purchasing diamonds from black workers included cropping ears, destruction of property, and fifty lashes in the public market place.19 On Saturday, 13 January, a meeting of diggers was held in the market square at Dutoitspan to consider granting licenses to dig to blacks. This meeting passed the following resolution: That in the opinion of this meeting it is undesirable that licenses for claims be granted to natives, for the following reasons-first, because it would render the checking of theft of diamonds an impossibility: secondly, because any native allowed to dig for diamonds must also be allowed to sell them, and consequently no check could be placed on
    • thendo359
      thendo359 on 28 Apr 23
       
      this shows the emerging discrimination for people of color, they associated them with bad behaviors such as stealing.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Whether there was any truth in the belief that people with "comparatively" white skins had higher standards to maintain and "civilized" values to safeguard requires further investigat
  • In fact, the question was not one of passing class-meaning race-legislation, but of the degree of control in the law. This is clear when one considers that within a short time of assuming control of Griqualand West the commissioners passed a law which they themselves acknowledged smacked of class legislation:40 they declared it illegal to supply "native"41 servants with liquor without the written consent of their maste
    • thendo359
      thendo359 on 28 Apr 23
       
      many laws were passed which aimed at keeping mostly black servants under the control of their masters. this also shows how the white people exercised power.
  • Proclamation Number 64 of 5 December 1871 was the first in a long line of legislative acts which pandered to the desires of
  • Certain "promoters" put one plan to the commissioners in June 1872. They suggested opening an office to be called the "Native Search; Pass and General Enquiry Office," which would search blacks, grant them certificates to prove that they had been searched, and issue passes when they were to leave the camps.57 The idea of a sort of passport had originated with Alfred Aylward, the "Fenian agitator" exiled from Britain.58 In forwarding the plan to the commissioner Giddy agreed that some special legislation was necessary to curb the theft of diamonds by black workers, but added that he opposed entrusting police duties to private individ
    • thendo359
      thendo359 on 28 Apr 23
       
      the exploration of diamond mining also aided the pass law which later affected both men and women of color and was later outlawed in 1986.
nhlangotisn

Correspondence relating to the proceeedings of the blantyre mission in east africa manu... - 1 views

Simphiwe Nhlangoti

shared by nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
     
    The manuscript begins with a letter dated 27th December 1880 from the British Consul in Mozambique to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. It reports on the establishment of the Blantyre Mission and the construction of a church, hospital, and school in the region. A letter from the Governor of British Central Africa dated 12th January 1881 discusses the success of the Blantyre Mission in attracting converts to Christianity, particularly among the Yao people. A letter dated 8th February 1881 from the Reverend Duff to the Bishop of Zanzibar provides an overview of the mission's progress, including the establishment of a printing press and a school for girls. A letter dated 9th March 1881 from the Reverend Duff to the Secretary of the Church Missionary Society reports on the mission's work among the Manganja people and the challenges posed by the region's climate and geography. A letter dated 14th April 1881 from the Reverend Duff to the Bishop of Zanzibar discusses the mission's success in translating the New Testament into the Chinyanja language. A letter dated 20th May 1881 from the British Consul in Mozambique to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs reports on a visit to the Blantyre Mission, during which the consul was impressed by the progress of the mission's work and the dedication of its staff. A letter dated 24th June 1881 from the Reverend Duff to the Bishop of Zanzibar reports on the mission's plans to establish a second mission station in the region, as well as ongoing efforts to translate the Bible into Chinyanja. A letter dated 13th July 1881 from the British Consul in Mozambique to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs discusses the impact of the mission on the local population, particularly in terms of education and healthcare. A letter dated 2nd August 1881 from the Reverend Duff to the Bishop of Zanzibar provides an update on the mission's progress in translating the Bible, as well as plans to establish a third mission stati
  • ujhistprof on 17 May 23
     
    Actually it doesn't open with this letter, so why say it does?
nhlangotisn

Blantyre Mission stephen green.pdf - 1 views

Simphiwe Nhlangoti

shared by nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • 6 THE NYASALAND JOURNAL BLANTYRE MISSION By Rev. Stephen Green T was appropriate that the Scottish missionaries who came to the Shire Highlands in 1876 should call their settlement Blantyre, the name of David Livingstone's birthplace in Lanarkshire. For Scotland had some three years before been deeply moved by the story of Livingstone's death at Ilala and of the devotion of his African friends who carried his body to the coast that it might be brought home to lie in Westminster Abbey. Livingstone had spoken with enthusiasm
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone - refers to David Livingstone, a Scottish missionary and explorer who passed through the Shire Highlands in 1859 and spoke highly of the area for missionary settlement. Blantyre - the name of the settlement founded by Scottish missionaries in the Shire Highlands in 1876. The name comes from Livingstone's birthplace in Lanarkshire, Scotland. Church of Scotland - refers to the Presbyterian denomination of Christianity that sent the Scottish missionaries to the Shire Highlands. The Free Church of Scotland had already sent pioneers to Livingstonia Mission in 1875. Henry Henderson - the missionary sent by the Church of Scotland to find a suitable site near Lake Malawi for a new mission, but who eventually settled on the Shire Highlands. Magomero - the site of the Universities' Mission, which had been founded in response to Livingstone's challenge and appeal fifteen years prior. Medical officer - Dr. T. T. Macklin, who accompanied the mission party from Scotland to the Shire Highlands in 1876 and was handed leadership of the mission upon arrival. Artisan missionaries - refers to the five skilled tradesmen who accompanied the mission party from Scotland and were tasked with construction and manual work for the mission. Challenge - the mission to continue the work that Livingstone had begun in the area, as he had spoken highly of the Shire Highlands as a suitable location for missionary settlement
  • Henderson left them encamped by the Shire while he went up to make preparations for their arrival. He found at the place of his choice half-ruined huts, the owners of which had fled to the hills to escape a raid of the Angoni. Some of these he repaired sufficiently to be of service as temporary shelter, and then returned to lead his colleagues to their destination. It was reached by them on the 23rd. October,
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      On October 23rd, 1936, Sir Harold Kittermaster unveiled a memorial tablet set in a cairn of stones on the spot where the fig tree had stood. The cairn is made up of sixty stones, each one bearing the name of one of the congregations of the Presbytery of Blantyre, which at that date numbered sixty. Henderson repaired half-ruined huts at the chosen site and returned to lead his colleagues to their destination. They arrived at Blantyre on October 23rd, and encamped under a large fig tree. Dr. Macklin took over the leadership of the mission after Henderson handed it over to him, and he began making friends with neighbouring chiefs and headmen. African helpers were instructed in various kinds of manual work, and a school was opened. Sons of the Makololo chiefs down on the River attended the school as boarders, and they brought slaves with them to wait upon them, which Dr. Clement Scott promptly stopped. Refugee slaves sought asylum at the mission and were received and assured of protection, which led to bitter hostility to the mission on the part of chiefs who had a direct interest in the slave trade. The original pioneer band contained no ordained missionary, and one was not appointed until 1878. Dr. Laws and Dr. Stewart came from Livingstonia for temporary duty as Head of the Mission, and Mr. James Stewart, a civil engineer, was also lent for a time from Livingstonia, and his services were of great value in the laying out of the station and the garden.
  • THE NYASALAND JOURNAL The first minister to be appointed to Blantyre was the Reverend Duff Macdonald, afterwards Minister of South Dalziel, Mother well. In a remarkably short time he acquired a good knowledge of Yao and produced Yao schoolbooks and translations. He also made a special study of local customs and folklore, and his book Africana is still a leading authority.
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      he paragraph describes the establishment of the Blantyre settlement by Scottish missionaries in Nyasaland (now Malawi) and the challenges they faced. The first minister appointed was Reverend Duff Macdonald, who quickly gained knowledge of the local language (Yao) and customs, producing schoolbooks and translations. Mission work also began at Zomba, but was later abandoned for Domasi station. The missionaries faced hostility from some local chiefs due to their anti-slavery policy and their need to exercise civil jurisdiction over Africans. The inexperience of the missionaries led to the adoption of measures inconsistent with Christian aims, and some in Scotland advised withdrawal. However, the Head of the Mission and two others were recalled, and a new minister, David Clement Ruffelle Scott, was sent out. Scott was a versatile man with qualities of leadership who re-organized the Mission's work. He designed Blantyre Church and produced an encyclopedic dictionary of the Mang'anja language, widely known as Scott's Dictionary. Under his leadership, the Mission compensated slave owners who established claims to slaves in sanctuary at the Mission, and formed friendly relations with chiefs.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • sister of Dr. John Bowie, had also contracted it. On his way, through torrential rains and across rivers in flood, he received the news that Mrs. Henderson was dead and Dr. Bowie, who had sucked the tracheotomy tube in a desperate effort to save the child's life, was down with diphtheria. All that Affleck Scott and Dr. Henry Scott, who had come from Domasi, could do was of no avail, and Bowie also died. Very soon after, Henry Henderson on his way home with Mrs. Bowie and Mrs. Clement Scott (another sister of Dr. Bowie) died at Q
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      The paragraph discusses the history of the Scottish Presbyterian mission in Nyasaland (now Malawi) during the late 19th century. The mission aimed to spread Christianity to the local population while also attempting to curb the practice of slavery. The text describes several missionaries who played important roles in this effort, including Robert Cleland, Clement Scott, and William Affleck Scott. The paragraph begins by recounting an event in which Scott and Henderson attempted to persuade the Angoni chiefs to cease raiding the Shire Highlands, which was successful in preventing future attacks. The narrative then shifts to describe the establishment of a sub-station at Chiradzulu and the difficulties encountered by Cleland when attempting to found a new station at Mlanje. The paragraph notes that Cleland passed away from illness before he could fully establish the new station. The text then describes the efforts of William Affleck Scott, who joined the mission in 1889 and devoted himself wholeheartedly to spreading the Gospel. Although he did not achieve his ambition of founding a station in Angoniland, he served at several locations in Nyasaland and also participated in expeditions to Portuguese East Africa. The paragraph ends with a tragic account of Henry Henderson's family members succumbing to diphtheria while on their way back to Blantyre, with Affleck Scott and Henry Scott unable to save them despite their efforts
  • he vernacular. The development of Zomba as a mission station had the natural effect of detracting from the importance of Domasi only ten miles distant. The latter, with its square mile of mission land offering facilities for school boarding, evangelists' training, teachers' refresher courses, etc., was much more suitable as the head? quarters of a large district, but as staffing difficulties increased it was the station that suffered more than any other from lack of staff. Work was developed from Domasi in the district to the north-east between Chikala Hill and Lake Chiuta, and for long the dream was cherished of transferring the station to a central site in that district. An exchange of land could have been
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      This paragraph discusses the development of the Blantyre Church, which was built between 1888 and 1891, with Dr. Affleck Scott describing the various people involved in its construction. Despite criticism of the elaborate building, Dr. Scott defends it as a means of bringing more people to the area and teaching them about the benefits of hard work and beauty. The year 1891 also saw the beginning of the administration of Nyasaland as a British protectorate, which had an impact on the work of the Mission. Means of communication improved, making it easier for various Christian forces in the country to make contact. In 1900, the first of a series of missionary conferences was held, with representatives from various missions in attendance. These conferences have been valuable in discussing issues and demonstrating spiritual unity. In 1904, the Federation of Missions was formed with a Consultative Board, which discussed questions of common interest. The development of Zomba as a mission station had the effect of detracting from the importance of Domasi. The dream of transferring the station to a central site in the district to the northeast was never realized, despite repeated appeals from the people.
  • In this matter the missions were very greatly indebted to the Reverend W. H. Murray of the Dutch Reformed Church Mission, who was set free for a time by his Church for translation work, and who not only did much of it himself, but also co-ordinated the work of the other translators. Later Dr. Murray earned the further gratitude of the Church in the Central and Southern Provinces by revising the whole of the text, introducing the new orthography, and adding marginal references, work in which he was ably assisted by Mrs. Murray. Thus Nyanja-speaking Christians in Nyasaland and far beyond its bounds have an admirable version of the whole of the Scriptures which, thanks to the National Bible Society of Scotland and the British and Foreign Bible Society, can be bought for the modest
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      he paragraph provides a historical account of the Blantyre Mission's work in Portuguese East Africa, particularly in the establishment of mission stations and the growth of the Church of Scotland's congregation. In 1898, an effort was made to extend the work to the east of Lake Chirwa, but the Portuguese authorities objected to the founding of a mission until they had pacified the country. The Mihecani station was finally opened in 1913, while the Panthumbi station was later moved to Bemvu, where it was under the leadership of Harry Matecheta. The policy of centralization was adopted in 1904, and technical and industrial training was concentrated in Blantyre, while other stations were free to develop evangelistic and junior school work. The Henry Henderson Institute was built to accommodate extra pupils. The mission played an essential role in training carpenters, builders, gardeners, and clerks, who found employment in government offices and commercial concerns. The Mlanje Mission was removed to a new site in the early 1930s. In 1924, the Presbyteries of Livingstonia and Blantyre entered into an incorporating union in the Church of Central Africa (Presbyterian), and the first Synod of that Church was constituted at Livingstonia. Blantyre missionaries played a significant role in Bible translation.
siphoesihletshabalala03

BOTSWANA PICTURE - 1 views

Siphoesihle Tshabalala

shared by siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23 - No Cached
  • siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
     
    This picture depicts the introductory of guns in Southern Africa {Botswana} where most young and old men were taught how to use and handle the gun. The Batswana tribe grew into a big tribe and it started trading with foreign people including whites. Guns were increasing and increasing in Botswana and they came up with strategies on how they will defeat their enemies. One of the strategies was to always be in groups and always armed so that they ready incase an enemy attacks.
siphoesihletshabalala03

JORNAL JSTOR FIREARMS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA.pdf - 1 views

Siphoesihle Tshabalala

shared by siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23 - No Cached
  • THE relationships of the peoples of southern Africa after the establishment and expansion of the white settlement in the mid-seventeenth century can be seen in terms of both conflict and interdependence, both resistance and collaboration
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      The connection of Southern African people after the foundation of extension of the white settlement within the mid-seventeenth century can be seen in terms of both strife and interdependency.
  • A 'gun society' existed at the Cape from the beginning of white settlement there in i652
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      In 1652, when the white people arrived in the Cape they brought guns along with them so Africa became a gun society from years ago.
  • Although the Khoisan4 peoples at the Cape were less successful at expelling the European intruders during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      In spite of the fact that the Khoisan individuals at the Cape failed to remove the invaders,
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • e too the advantages conferred by firearms have generally been overestimate
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      The points of interest conferred by guns have by and large been overemphasized.
  • the time of the first Dutch-Khoi war of I659-60
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      this was the outbreak of the war between the Dutch and the Khoisan.
  • By the i67os a certain number of firearms were getting into Khoisan hands
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      By the 1670s the number of Khoisan armaments was increasing.
  • burgher
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      A Boer Republic.
  • ammunitio
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      A supply or quantity of bullets and shells.
siphoesihletshabalala03

Gale.pdf - 0 views

Siphoesihle Tshabalala

shared by siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23 - No Cached
  • .
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      This manuscript talks about the beginning of the twentieth century the main engine of change in Central Africa was the British South Africa Company, founded by Cecil Rhodes. In 1889 it had received from the British government a charter to exercise powers of administration in the region. During the next decade its agents invaded most parts of the mineralised tablelands between the middle Limpopo, the Zambezi Congo watershed and Lake Tanganyika, the Company thereby gained private possession of virtually all mineral deposits throughout the spheres assigned to it by international treaties.
siphoesihletshabalala03

Firearms in Nineteenth-Century Botswana_ The Case of Livingstone's 8-Bore Bullet.pdf - 1 views

Siphoesihle Tshabalala

shared by siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23 - No Cached
  • imperialism’s consolidation
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      Empires expanded and conquered new people around the world.
  • This paper looks at firearms technology during the critical decade prior to the outbreak of the Batswana-Boer War of 1852–1853, when the Bakwena ruler or Kgosi (plural ‘Dikgosi’), Sechele I, led a coalition of Batswana polities in successfully resisting the hegemonic demands of the Transvaal Boers.
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      This article shows the armaments machinery of the Batswana tribe and the leader King Sechele who led the the Bakwena to resist the Supremacy of the Transvaal Boers.
  • By 1870 most of modern Botswana had as a result come under the authority of four kingdoms; led by the Dikgosi of Bakwena (Kweneng), Bangwaketse (Gangwaketse), Bangwato (Gammangwato) and Batawana (Gatawana). 8 The political authority of each of these kingdoms, along with the border states of the Barolong booRatshidi (Borolong), Bakgatla bagaKgafela (Kgatleng) and Balete (Gammalete), was supported by the protective as well as coercive capacity of their arsenals.
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      In 1870, The Batswana tribe divided themselves into four kingdoms and each kingdom had a leader. All these kingdoms were able to keep injury away from themselves using force and threats from their military equipment.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • Setswana praise poetry,
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      The Batswana made a poem about the War between them and the Boers.
  • Batswana were also quick to incorporate gun wielding cavalry into their military formations and tactics.
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      Batswana were too fast to join weapon using cavalry into their military arrangements and strategies.
  • orsemen armed with breechloaders played a decisive role in what is believed to have been the most sanguinary of Botswana’s many nineteenth-century fire-fights, the 1884 engagement at Khutiyabasadi, where Batawana and Wayeyi slaughtered over 1,500 Amandebele invaders. 1
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      Horsemen equipped with breechloaders played conclusive part in what is accepted to have been the foremost gory of Botswana's numerous nineteenth-century fire-fights, the 1884 engagement at Khutiyabasadi, where Botswana and Wayeyi butchered over 1500 Amandebele trespassers.
  • The acquisition of guns was both a cause and consequence of a surge in the region’s hunting trade from the 1840s; involving the export of ivory, karosses and ostrich feathers from hunting grounds largely falling under the effective control of the Dikgosi of Kweneng, Gammangwato, Gangewaketse and Gatawana.
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      The procurement of weapons was both a cause and result of a surge within the region's chasing exchange from the 1840's, including the send out of ivory, karosses and ostrich quills from chasing grounds to a great extent falling beneath the compelling control of the Dikgosi.
  • The 8-bore bullet moulds, as well as the sevenbarrelled gun, were meant for Sechele’s growing
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      The weapons were implied for Sechele's developing arsenal.
  • armoury
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      A place where weapons are kept.
siphoesihletshabalala03

The Batswana-Boer War Of 1852-53_ How the Batswana Achieved Victory.pdf (20).pdf - 1 views

Siphoesihle Tshabalala

shared by siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23 - No Cached
  • The Batswana-Boer War of 1852-53
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      This was the outbreak of the war.
  • The principal hero of the Batswana-Boer War was Kgosi Sechele of
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      The leader of the Batswana tribe was known as Kgosi Sechele, he led the Batswana clan to resist the supremacy of the Transvaal Boers.
  • Shortly after their arrival in the western Transvaal the Boers began to demand that the Bakwena disarm and submit to their
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      After the Boers arrived in Western Africa they wanted the Batswana clan also known as the Bakwena to give up their guns and yield to the Boer's supremacy.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • In 1846 the wagons of one trader, Joseph McCabe, were confiscated by the Boers for carrying arms to Sechele
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      One of the White people who used to trade with the Bakwena, was taken by the Boers for taking guns to Sechele the Bakwena leader.
  • n April 1851 the SAR's supreme military leader, Commandant-General Andries Pretorius, concluded that the Bakwena would have to be forcibly disarmed.1
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      In 1851 the Supreme military leader, took a decision that the Boers guns should be forcefully taken away from them.
  • Hoping to avert battle, Sechele suggested a two-day truce to allow both sides to negotiate. The Boers were given free passage to the waters of the Kolobeng river, during which time the Batswana made a show of displaying thei
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      Hoping to prevent war, the 2 parties agreed to ceasefire for 2 days so they all stayed in the same place but the Batswana kept on showing off their guns.
nothandodunywa2

missonary projects.pdf - 1 views

''Nothando''

shared by nothandodunywa2 on 02 May 23 - No Cached
  • We send out preach- ers to teach Christianity to the na- tives of Hiindostan, and of southern Africa;
    • nothandodunywa2
      nothandodunywa2 on 02 May 23
       
      other Christian from other countries would travel to other parts of the world to spread the word of God and built more missionaries
  • ruitful harvest to their labours. Under such unfavotrable auspi. ces, is it wise, is it Christian, to spend our means in fruitlessattenipts abroad, when there is such a cry- ing necessity for the labours of re- formation at hom
    • nothandodunywa2
      nothandodunywa2 on 02 May 23
       
      there was a shortage of missionaries in the countries that Christianity started from.
na-gogana

'Reconstructing babel': Christian missions and knowledge production in the Middle East,... - 0 views

www.tandfonline.com/...20581831.2021.2012332

NA GOGANA

shared by na-gogana on 06 May 23 - No Cached
  • Christian Orien
  • This article examines the formulation and circulation of Eastern Christian knowledge on eitherside of the Mediterranean, especially on the basis of Catholic missionary archives and academic pro-ductions, the study of which is sometimes rooted in non-Anglophone academic traditions. The aim isto shed light on how knowledge relating to Eastern Christianity was assimilated in Europe, as well asthe role missions played in this process, especially from the last third of the nineteenth century,when the institutions and instruments for the circulation of knowledge emerged.2This new knowl-edge was largely based onfieldwork conducted in the Middle East, particularly on manuscripts con-served in the monasteries, churches, congregational centres, missionary societies and patriarchates,and more generally in the literary, linguistic, archaeological, and cartographic heritage of Christiancommunities living there. Another objective is to address the circulations and transformations ofthis knowledge on either side of the Mediterranean: collected and developed in major Europeanlibraries and universities, it was integrated by the governance structures of churches, but quiteoften also returned to the space it originated from, where it was reappropriated and gave rise topatrimonial processes, notably alongside the sometimes tragic experiences of certain communitiesduring the end of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of new states.
  • na-gogana on 07 May 23
     
    Please do not mark this, l made a mistake by sharing on the History 2A group.
thendo359

BKAIXR261677391.pdf - 2 views

Thendo Magoba

shared by thendo359 on 09 May 23 - No Cached
  • thendo359 on 09 May 23
     
    In page 14 of this document, it speaks of the background of the town Bloemfontein. The community of Bloemfontein initially consisted only of English speaking people. Almost all the houses and buildings were south of the stream on the so called 'water plots'. The town grew with the building of churches and schools and attracted many other groups like Germans, the Dutch, Jews and Afrikaners who were the first pioneers to settler there. The fast growing pace of the town also attracted many Black and Coloured people in search of work. The Blacks and Coloureds originated from the Bechuana, Hottentot, and Fingo groups, many of them emancipated slaves. Other mixed groups in the area included the Griqua, the San, the Khoikhoi and BaSotho.
  • ...3 more comments...
  • thendo359 on 09 May 23
     
    The discovery of diamonds between 1867 and 1871, and the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886 led to a general boom in trade and gave stimulus to Bloemfontein's growth. The discovery of diamonds near Hopetown in 1867, in Jagersfontein and next to the banks of the Vaal River around the Du Toit's Pan area in 1869, led to an immense number of fortune seekers rushing to the area between the Vaal and Orange Rivers. In 1871, diamonds were also discovered in Kimberly, this is seen on the document in page 26.
  • thendo359 on 09 May 23
     
    In page 38, we see that after the discovery of diamonds in the Orange Free State the Griqua Chief Nicolas Waterboer claimed that the area between the Vaal and Orange Rivers rightfully belonged to the Griquas. After some deliberation between Sir Henry Barkly and President Brand, Sir Henry Barkly issued a proclamation that the area known as Griqualand West was now declared a British territory. In March 1876, President Brand undertook a deputation to Britain to discuss compensation for Bloemfontein's loss of the diamond fields.
  • thendo359 on 09 May 23
     
    The population grew fast, but conflict in the surrounding areas continued for a long time. It then became evident that Britain no longer wanted to carry the cost of having an armed garrison in the Orange River Sovereignty. In August 1853, Sir George Russell Clark, former Governor to Bombay, was sent as a special commissioner to Bloemfontein to make the necessary arrangements for Britain's withdrawal from the area. On 15 February 1854, a meeting was held between Clark and the residents in the school building on St Georges Street to discuss the conditions of withdrawal. On 23 February 1854, the Bloemfontein Convention was signed, which gave the Orange River Sovereignty self-governing status. Soon after, a provisional election was held where Josias Philippus Hoffman was chosen as President and William Collins as Secretary of the Orange River Sovereignty. The new administration was to receive an amount of 10 000 pounds from the British government to assist them through their first year of administration( page 39).
  • thendo359 on 09 May 23
     
    Page 74 speaks about how Griqualand came about. The area between the Orange and Vaal rivers, originally known as Transoranje, with its abundance of permanent water sources, was the hunting grounds of the San. at the beginning of the 19th century. However, other groups began to infiltrate the area in the early 19th century. The Griquas under Adam Kok came from the west and settled themselves near the area later known as Philippolis. As a result of the Difaqane, many groups came to the Transoranje area in the 1820s from the east, fleeing from Shaka, King of the Zulus, and later Mzilikazi, first King of the Matabele.
  • thendo359 on 09 May 23
     
    In 1833, the Barolong under the chieftaincy of Moroka II established themselves at what was later known as Thaba Nchu. Around 1821, White stock farmers crossed the Orange River in search of grazing land, after drought and locust infestations ravaged the Cape Colony. Sometime between 1820 and 1826, trek Boer farmer Johan Nicolaas Brits settled in the Transoranje area. The area was convenient as it had a small stream and a fountain provided him with a good water supply. Apparently, the place Brits chose was originally a meeting place for hunters, and the Black people called it Mangaung (place of the cheetahs), but it became known as Bloemfontein in later years. There is some controversy surrounding the name, but one theory is that when Brits settled here, the fountain was surrounded by flowers and thus the Brits family named it Bloemfontein, literally meaning 'fountain of flowers'. Another theory is that the name was put forward by one of Brits' neighbors, Mr. Griesel, who referred it to as Mrs. Brits' garden. Over a period of time, conflict grew between the different population groups in the Transoranje area, resulting in British intervention. Therefore, in 1846, Major Henry Douglas Warden was appointed to set up a British residency in the area. Warden was tasked with the difficult job of maintaining peace between the different population groups and setting up an administration. His immediate orders were to set up a residency as soon as possible in a centrally situated place, between the areas occupied by Adam Kok and Mosheshwe. Warden accidentally came across the fountain area between the Riet and Modder rivers. From a military point of view, Warden found the area suitable because it was situated in a small valley surrounded by hills on all sides and was free of horse sickness. The centrality of the site would also make it easy for transport riders to bring necessary commodities to the settlement. Warden's troops, known as the Cape Riflemen, arrived in Bloemfontein
andiswa2023

Towards_a_postmissionary_revie.pdf - 1 views

A.M. 221125122

shared by andiswa2023 on 09 May 23 - No Cached
  • ujhistprof on 16 May 23
     
    And this? Why add it so late?
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