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The author of this article does a study of individual level and school structural variables and weather they effect academic achievement. This study was conducted on about 12,000 10th graders so it is sufficient data and very reliable. They found that a schools climate is very important and can influence a students achievement level. Also, the article mentions student involovment will help academic achievement in many students.

The authors discuss why head coaches for college athletic teams should be held responsible for the academic achievement of college athletes. They suggest that head coaches focus on recruiting students that can win games instead of students with sufficient academic achievement and propose that student recruitment by coaches be measured against graduation rates of student athletes.

Kraus proposes a reform program that will reform low-income Minneapolis schools. Then he observes how urban schools attract low-income students and creates a problem of low achievement in these types of schools. This reform wanted no school to have more than 70% of any racial or minority group. He noticed that students in urban schools have lower test scores, so in order to change this they are implementing transfer programs into suburban schools. Most students showed improvement and to test their improvement the students were assessed. This program may improve academic achievement in some schools, but it does not exactly improve urban schools.

The authors share the difference of how the education gap between minority and low-income students compares to the fortunate white students. These low-income students are usually seen in urban schools that are at a disadvantage because of their label as a "failing school". The authors conduct a chart that shows the number of free or reduced lunches, percent of minority students, the student teacher ratio and the percent of poverty rate of failing schools, choice schools and the mean difference in schools in North Carolina. The rates in failing schools were substantially higher than the ones in choice schools. This process was only conducted in North Carolina, but it would be very similar for all states.

The authors research the effects of public school choice in the state of South Carolina under the No Child Left Behind Act. It has been found that public schools are labeled "in need of improvement" if there is a large minority of students and a large amount of poverty independent of rural, suburban, or urban location. The article touches on all the spatial aspects of the academic achievement gap between public schools and how rural failing schools are the most disadvantaged. The research in the article is useful but it is limited to the state of South Carolina.

The author of this article talks about the No Child Left Behind law and how it can help urban city students. This law wants to help students raise their reading and math scores. He has also done a research study that brought in Supplemental Educational Serives and it was desgined to raise achievement levels of students throught tutoring programs. They found that one-on-one tutoring was very productive to the students.

In this article it brings up a very good point on how if a teacher is absent, then it will effect the students in their classroom. Some teachers are better than others and that could also effect the students. This study shows that 5-6% are absent days while school is in session. When teachers do take off of work, its hard for the schools to find good substitutes and it then leads to a day of no learning for the students.

The authors of this article talk about he achievement gap among students that are wealthier compared to lower class. The wealthier student get a lot more of the needs and get the support from home, while the lower class do not get as much and do not always have that support. In this article many studies were conducted. These are reliable studies that show how poverty among students can cause more problems in a childs academic development.

The author of this article emphasizes on the relationship between urban schools and other shcools. They realize the achievement gap and how it is increasing over the years. The students in urban schools were put through programs to help thier knowledge and to challenge them. The students of the school were to take classes on technology to help further technology because of how much we use it today. This will help students further thier knowledge and help them grow as an individual.

This article and author brings up many good points that the American people do not usually see. They start off by saying how the No Child Le Behind Act was implemented to help students get a good education and a fair one. The author then goes into how it has failed to meet the requirements and is supporting inequality. the idea of this act is not to bring attention to the economic problems with students, but to help the students achieve a quality education.

Hill and Barth discuss the Federal Government's attempt to raise student achievement, especially in standardized testing, with the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). The NCLB's intent was to limit academic achievement gaps in students who are minorities, disabled, financially disadvantaged, or limited English proficiency. One of the biggest problems that has arisen from the law is teacher retention. The NCLB requires highly qualified teachers, but all the highly qualified teachers are not staying. The authors focus on this huge problem of teacher retention.

This athor of the article talks about some ways in which the achievment gap can be closed. they discussed how having school year round could help, but by doing studies it has not increased the students knowledge. There are more practical solutions that need to evolve. The author suggests that if the student is taught reading strategies from their home life, then it will impact the students literacy greatly.

Georgiou shares the view of how school achievement is effected by the unity of a person's family. Children with parents that have greater incomes and better jobs tend to do better academically than students that comes from lower income. Georgiou conducted a study that shows the differences between the SES and socioeconomic status between suburban and urban schools. The results showed that test scores for people with low income tend to be lower because the lack of unity in their families. Even though this study focuses on schools on the island of Cyprus, this can relate to any urban and suburban schools.

The author examines differences between data they have collected of 13 urban schools. They collected this data by using test scores, surverys, and case studies, in which other people cmae into schools and watched them. They found very inconsistent information because of the small sample size they had. The only assessed low and high scoring students, which may have caused problems. The teachers use assesment in the classroom to see what students needs are and to have them achieve the goals.

This article presents the authors' views on the educational experiences of intercollegiate student, athletes. The critics of intercollegiate sport argue that winning, which is highly correlated with revenues, has corrupted higher education. Most specifically, at some schools the athletic performance of athletes is more important than their academic achievement.

This article discusses the assessment of a class of girls who were issued a certain type of graphics calculator. The teacher of this class was known for his integration of calculators in his course curriculum, and his classes were known for achieving above average on tests. The primary study was to investigate the effects of learning with the use of a graphing calculator. Classroom conversation was recorded and analyzed in order to determine how well the class understood the curriculum. This article while limited only to certain number of students delves deeply into how they were taught, and their response to the use of graphics calculators in the classroom.

Georgiou shares the view of how school achievement is effected by the unity of a person's family. Children with parents that have greater incomes and better jobs tend to do better academically than students that comes from lower income. Georgiou conducted a study that shows the differences between the SES and socioeconomic status between suburban and urban schools. The results showed that test scores for people with low income tend to be lower because the lack of unity in their families. Even though this study focuses on schools on the island of Cyprus, this can relate to any urban and suburban schools.

A provision in the No Child Left Behind Act is that teachers must me the standard of being "highly qualified." The authors argue that the provision is necessary, important, and achievable. Teacher qualifications can greatly affect the process of student learning. The authors suggest certain Federal initiatives that can be put in place to ensure all children have highly qualified teachers no matter the district or state. The article is helpful in knowing the standards for teachers in the No Child Left Behind Act.

A provision in the No Child Left Behind Act is that teachers must me the standard of being "highly qualified." The authors argue that the provision is necessary, important, and achievable. Teacher qualifications can greatly affect the process of student learning. The authors suggest certain Federal initiatives that can be put in place to ensure all children have highly qualified teachers no matter the district or state. The article is helpful in knowing the standards for teachers in the No Child Left Behind Act.

This paper investigates gender differences in academic performance among university athletes at an NCAA Division I school. Using regression analysis, the findings suggest that background scholastic achievement variables and race influence university academic performance for student athletes, but sport participation measures and race are negatively related to university academic performance for males only. The consequences of inequalities between men's and women's athletic programs are explored. Implications for academic programs are discussed. (Abstract from author as it appears on EBSCO.)