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Murnane focuses on the children living in poverty and the low performance of the students. His goal is to make the No Child Left Behind Act more realistic. The goal should be to concentrate on the children's growth as a student, not to reach an obtainable test score. The government needs to improve conditions of schools of children living in poverty. The author suggests that the poverty stricken schools need to strengthen their staff in order to change anything. The main goal of children living in poverty is to get them to graduate from high school. The rate of kids graduating from high school in low income schools is down a great deal of percent than suburban schools. Murnane gives his opinion of setting obtainable goals not only for middle class students, but students that come from a poverty stricken area.

This article mainly discusses the way that poverty is effecting people. It focuses a lot on the undeveloped countries and the way people are living in poverty. It also explains different aspects of health literacy and gives background information about it. It also talks about how people living in poverty struggle with health literacy.

The author here realizes an important problem. He believes that students that live in poverty need to change their live styles and when they reach 4th and 5th grades, that is the ear things need to change. This is the place in a childs life that determins how they percieve school for the rest of thir lives. Th author says that teachers need to understand that these students were born into poverty and do not have much direction. Teachers need to understand and be able to help the students when they need it.

This article is about a study done on low income families. They have proven that when parents are in poverty it affects their children in a negative way. The study shows that these children are more likely to grow up to be low income when they are adults. Parents that are low income have to deal with many problems and don't have time to help their children get a good education.

The author of this article describes how class and race can affect a persons life and what they do with their lives. The author has done a lot of research on different topics to see if the effects of a childs race or social status really have an effect on thier education. They found that children living in poverty have a less chance of succeding in academics. The main point of this article addresses is the African American population, but that is not always completly the case.

This article is about a study done on the effects of HeadsUp! Reading. It is a professional development literacy work shop series with and with out supplementary mentoring on early childhood educators. Children who live in poverty communites did this workshop for 15 weeks. There were pre- and post- assesments completed by the students. They were trying to measure if a student had a mentor, if they did better learning to read and write. Mentoring and HeadsUp are different.

The authors Tierney and Colyar discuss the treatment that the lower class recieves. The lower class experience a lot more in their lives than most other people should. The face amy difficulities in succedding in many different aspects. The things that they face make it very ifficult for the students to go to schools and effects their future. A study was done to kids that are low poverty. These students experienced many more difficulites in their lives, which makes everything more difficult

The authors share the difference of how the education gap between minority and low-income students compares to the fortunate white students. These low-income students are usually seen in urban schools that are at a disadvantage because of their label as a "failing school". The authors conduct a chart that shows the number of free or reduced lunches, percent of minority students, the student teacher ratio and the percent of poverty rate of failing schools, choice schools and the mean difference in schools in North Carolina. The rates in failing schools were substantially higher than the ones in choice schools. This process was only conducted in North Carolina, but it would be very similar for all states.

The authors research the effects of public school choice in the state of South Carolina under the No Child Left Behind Act. It has been found that public schools are labeled "in need of improvement" if there is a large minority of students and a large amount of poverty independent of rural, suburban, or urban location. The article touches on all the spatial aspects of the academic achievement gap between public schools and how rural failing schools are the most disadvantaged. The research in the article is useful but it is limited to the state of South Carolina.

The authors of this article talk about he achievement gap among students that are wealthier compared to lower class. The wealthier student get a lot more of the needs and get the support from home, while the lower class do not get as much and do not always have that support. In this article many studies were conducted. These are reliable studies that show how poverty among students can cause more problems in a childs academic development.

Kraus proposes a reform program that will reform low-income Minneapolis schools. Then he observes how urban schools attract low-income students and creates a problem of low achievement in these types of schools. This reform wanted no school to have more than 70% of any racial or minority group. He noticed that students in urban schools have lower test scores, so in order to change this they are implementing transfer programs into suburban schools. Most students showed improvement and to test their improvement the students were assessed. This program may improve academic achievement in some schools, but it does not exactly improve urban schools.

Rodriguez explains a program that has helped decline the number of truancies and dropouts among the African American and Latino population. Truancy and dropouts are closely connected with each other and are mostly seen in the urban schools. Because of the living conditions and things that go on outside the schools, kids are more likely to not make it to college. There are many institutions that have been created to help these children that live in poverty stricken neighborhoods. The goal is to get them where they can exceed and do what they want in life. Keeping students more entertained will keep them off the streets and more determined to do well. According to Rodriguez all urban schools need is encouragement and structure.

The authors Cartledge and Lo explain the discipline problems teacher's deal with in Urban Schools. Many factors influence children in urban school districts to act up in the classroom. They conducted a research program where they selected school H, which consisted of low-income students that were not reaching academic standards. The program recorded the number of disciplinary actions teachers took towards the students. The results showed that more than 50% of students received discipline in one year of teaching, which takes away from their education time. The authors make some significant points, but more can be determined from this study. By looking at the study, people can infer that because of the high disciplinary problems in urban schools that it affects their academics. This can be because of their lives at home and what students go through with their families.

The author of this article emphasizes on the relationship between urban schools and other shcools. They realize the achievement gap and how it is increasing over the years. The students in urban schools were put through programs to help thier knowledge and to challenge them. The students of the school were to take classes on technology to help further technology because of how much we use it today. This will help students further thier knowledge and help them grow as an individual.

This athor of the article talks about some ways in which the achievment gap can be closed. they discussed how having school year round could help, but by doing studies it has not increased the students knowledge. There are more practical solutions that need to evolve. The author suggests that if the student is taught reading strategies from their home life, then it will impact the students literacy greatly.