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This paper investigates gender differences in academic performance among university athletes at an NCAA Division I school. Using regression analysis, the findings suggest that background scholastic achievement variables and race influence university academic performance for student athletes, but sport participation measures and race are negatively related to university academic performance for males only. The consequences of inequalities between men's and women's athletic programs are explored. Implications for academic programs are discussed. (Abstract from author as it appears on EBSCO.)

The author of this article does a study of individual level and school structural variables and weather they effect academic achievement. This study was conducted on about 12,000 10th graders so it is sufficient data and very reliable. They found that a schools climate is very important and can influence a students achievement level. Also, the article mentions student involovment will help academic achievement in many students.

The authors discuss why head coaches for college athletic teams should be held responsible for the academic achievement of college athletes. They suggest that head coaches focus on recruiting students that can win games instead of students with sufficient academic achievement and propose that student recruitment by coaches be measured against graduation rates of student athletes.

Most studies find positive correlations at the individual level of analysis between athletic participation and academic success. One opportunity for scholarship left largely unexplored concerns the effect of athletics on group-level processes. The author used a resource-based perspective to explore the influence of athletic investment on academic achievement at the organizational level.

Kraus proposes a reform program that will reform low-income Minneapolis schools. Then he observes how urban schools attract low-income students and creates a problem of low achievement in these types of schools. This reform wanted no school to have more than 70% of any racial or minority group. He noticed that students in urban schools have lower test scores, so in order to change this they are implementing transfer programs into suburban schools. Most students showed improvement and to test their improvement the students were assessed. This program may improve academic achievement in some schools, but it does not exactly improve urban schools.

The authors share the difference of how the education gap between minority and low-income students compares to the fortunate white students. These low-income students are usually seen in urban schools that are at a disadvantage because of their label as a "failing school". The authors conduct a chart that shows the number of free or reduced lunches, percent of minority students, the student teacher ratio and the percent of poverty rate of failing schools, choice schools and the mean difference in schools in North Carolina. The rates in failing schools were substantially higher than the ones in choice schools. This process was only conducted in North Carolina, but it would be very similar for all states.

The authors research the effects of public school choice in the state of South Carolina under the No Child Left Behind Act. It has been found that public schools are labeled "in need of improvement" if there is a large minority of students and a large amount of poverty independent of rural, suburban, or urban location. The article touches on all the spatial aspects of the academic achievement gap between public schools and how rural failing schools are the most disadvantaged. The research in the article is useful but it is limited to the state of South Carolina.

The authors of this article talk about he achievement gap among students that are wealthier compared to lower class. The wealthier student get a lot more of the needs and get the support from home, while the lower class do not get as much and do not always have that support. In this article many studies were conducted. These are reliable studies that show how poverty among students can cause more problems in a childs academic development.

Georgiou shares the view of how school achievement is effected by the unity of a person's family. Children with parents that have greater incomes and better jobs tend to do better academically than students that comes from lower income. Georgiou conducted a study that shows the differences between the SES and socioeconomic status between suburban and urban schools. The results showed that test scores for people with low income tend to be lower because the lack of unity in their families. Even though this study focuses on schools on the island of Cyprus, this can relate to any urban and suburban schools.

Hill and Barth discuss the Federal Government's attempt to raise student achievement, especially in standardized testing, with the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). The NCLB's intent was to limit academic achievement gaps in students who are minorities, disabled, financially disadvantaged, or limited English proficiency. One of the biggest problems that has arisen from the law is teacher retention. The NCLB requires highly qualified teachers, but all the highly qualified teachers are not staying. The authors focus on this huge problem of teacher retention.

Georgiou shares the view of how school achievement is effected by the unity of a person's family. Children with parents that have greater incomes and better jobs tend to do better academically than students that comes from lower income. Georgiou conducted a study that shows the differences between the SES and socioeconomic status between suburban and urban schools. The results showed that test scores for people with low income tend to be lower because the lack of unity in their families. Even though this study focuses on schools on the island of Cyprus, this can relate to any urban and suburban schools.

This article presents the authors' views on the educational experiences of intercollegiate student, athletes. The critics of intercollegiate sport argue that winning, which is highly correlated with revenues, has corrupted higher education. Most specifically, at some schools the athletic performance of athletes is more important than their academic achievement.

The author of this article emphasizes on the relationship between urban schools and other shcools. They realize the achievement gap and how it is increasing over the years. The students in urban schools were put through programs to help thier knowledge and to challenge them. The students of the school were to take classes on technology to help further technology because of how much we use it today. This will help students further thier knowledge and help them grow as an individual.

This article discusses the great impact that self-concepts have on students' grades and performance, mainly in English and mathematics. These authors found different results than have previously been found in tests; they found that "there were significant positive paths from math self-concepts to subsequent math outcomes but not to subsequent English outcomes." Also, they found that girls had higher English and math grades but lower math self-concepts then boys, these results differ from previous test which claimed that the gender difference was diminishing. These results were interesting due to their difference in regards to other tests conducted.

This article is about a study conducted to determine the connection between a student's Biblical literacy and their grades in the classroom.