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Abstract on listed here: but bioidentical progesterone and allopregnanolone (product of progesterone metabolism) shown to reduce inflammation after TBI.  This inflammation is what results in much of the post-TBI complications.

Just abstract listed.  Progesterone shown to reduce inflammation post TBI and thus reduce complications.

pituitary dysfunction found in people with TBI.  This study found the greatest effect on HGH.

Neuroendocrinology of PTSD.

low cortisol and elevated LPS, IL-6, and TNF-alpha found in people with PTSD.

elevated cortisol levels found in moderate/severe PTSD in police officers.  Again, saliva testing was used for cortisol evaluation.

Just the abstract is available online, but the neurophysiology of brain injury is well discussed here.  This process takes time.  In fact, most TBIs are mild and often go unreported/unrecognized until neurological deficits begin.

appears that PTSD results in divergent catecholamine and cortisol levels as patients age.  The catecholamines (norepinephrine) will elevate and the cortisol will progressive decrease.  Additionally, this is revealed in salivary cortisol testing

Another study showing benefit of Zn in TBI

Zinc emerging as a tool in the treatment/recovery of TBI

Progesterone has a neuroprotective and promyelinating effects in the nervous system.  Progesterone increases BDNF.  Progesterone increases proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells which will increase myelin production.

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exercise aids repair after TBI through BDNF.

TBI leaves the mitochondria of the brain compromised.  The result is a compromise in the ability to produce energy leaving the brain limited in its ability to heal and or handle additional insults.  This animal study found curcumin able to provide preservation of the energy pathways post TBI.  This has implications on any neuro-insult, not just TBI

Animal study finds pre-emptive DHA at 40 mg/kg reduced injury response during medically induced TBI.  Not only can DHA be used with TBI, but this study suggests it can be used in a prevention mode.

Curcumin and DHA shown to protect against TBI through a reduction in inflammation and maintenance of brain phospholipid membranes.  BDNF is increases also.

study that finds curcumin + DHA increased cognitive improvement after TBI within 2 weeks.  Good discussion of the proposed mechanism--increased BDNF.

One of the first studies to look at PCS found that 42% of soldiers produced abnormally low hormone production following TBI one year after the injury.  This study highlights the potential pituitary dysfunction that can result from TBI.

animal model: vitamin E reduced brain lipid oxidation post TBI.