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Testosterone and benign prostatic hyperplasia Jarvis TR, Chughtai B, Kaplan SA, - Asian... - 0 views

www.ajandrology.com/preprintarticle.asp Testosterone BPH low T low Testosterone prostate cancer men male hormone hormones
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 01 Dec 14 - No Cached
  • The prevalence of hypogonadism (often defined as serum testosterone < 300 ng dl−1 ) ranges from 6% [10] to as high as 38%
  • The process of BPH, however, continues as men age and despite the fact their serum testosterone decreases
  • Liu et al. [12] demonstrated that in a group of older males (mean age 59.8 years) that there was not a significant correlation of serum testosterone levels (total, free or bioavailable) with either prostate volume or International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • in eugonadal men, studies have demonstrated that the prostate can increase in volume by approximately 12%
  • There seems to be little doubt that the treatment with testosterone of a young hypogonadal male leads to significant growth of the prostate
  • Behre et al. [22] demonstrated increased prostate volume and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in hypogonadal men
  • Most studies, however, have shown no effect of exogenous androgens on PSA or prostate volume for older hypogonadal males
  • They argue that the prostate is relatively insensitive to changes in androgen concentration at normal levels or in mild hypogonadism because the AR is saturated by androgens and therefore maximal androgen-AR binding is achieved. Conversely, the prostate is very sensitive to changes in androgen levels when testosterone is low
  • saturation model
  • visceral obesity (one of the most significant components of metabolic syndrome) is associated with prostate volume and influences prostate growth during TRT.
  • This hypothesis of inflammation induced LUTS is also argued to be a mechanism for improvement of LUTS with PDE5I
  • The concept, therefore, that treatment with TRT of hypogonadal males with metabolic syndrome might lead to improvement/stabilization of their LUTS, appears to be confirmed in recent work by Francomano et al.
  • There was also an improvement in components of the patient's metabolic syndrome (such as BMI, waist circumference, hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c], insulin sensitivity, and lipid profile) as well as inflammatory markers and C-reactive protein.
  • They concluded that TRT was safe in this group of men, and hypothesize that TRT mitigates the pro-inflammatory factors associated with metabolic syndrome.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 01 Dec 14
     
    Authors review the literature behind Testosterone and BPH.  The authors highlight the 4 proposed theories behind BPH: Testosterone, Estrogen, inflammation, and metabolic.   The conclusion is mixed: pointing out that no high level of evidence exists on either side of the debate of Testosterone and BPH.
38More

High-Dose Vitamin C for Cancer Therapy - PMC - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC9231292 vitamin C cancer
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jul 22 - No Cached
  • diabetes [8], atherosclerosis [9], the common cold [10], cataracts [11], glaucoma [12], macular degeneration [13], stroke [14], heart disease [15], COVID-19 [16], and cancer.
  • 1–5% of the Vit-C inside the human cells
  • interaction between Fe(II) and H2O2 produces OH− through the Fenton reaction
  • ...35 more annotations...
  • metabolic activity, oxygen transport, and DNA synthesis
  • Iron is found in the human body in the form of haemoglobin in red blood cells and growing erythroid cells.
  • macrophages contain considerable quantities of iron
  • iron is taken up by the majority of cells in the form of a transferrin (Tf)-Fe(III) complex that binds to the cell surface receptor transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1)
  • excess iron is retained in the liver cells
  • the endosomal six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 3 (STEAP3) reduces Fe(III) (ferric ion) to Fe(II) (ferrous ion), which is subsequently transferred across the endosomal membrane by divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1)
  • labile iron pool (LIP)
  • LIP is toxic to the cells owing to the production of massive amounts of ROS.
  • DHA is quickly converted to Vit-C within the cell, by interacting with reduced glutathione (GSH) [45,46,47]. NADPH then recycles the oxidized glutathione (glutathione disulfide (GSSG)) and converts it back into GSH
  • Fe(II) catalyzes the formation of OH• and OH− during the interaction between H2O2 and O2•− (Haber–Weiss reaction)
  • Ascorbate can efficiently reduce free iron, thus recycling the cellular Fe(II)/Fe(III) to produce more OH• from H2O2 than can be generated during the Fenton reaction, which ultimately leads to lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation
  • Vit-C-stimulated iron absorption
  • reduce cellular iron efflux
  • high-dose Vit-C may elevate cellular LIP concentrations
  • ascorbate enhanced cancer cell LIP specifically by generating H2O2
  • Vit-C produces H2O2 extracellularly, which in turn inhibits tumor cells immediately
  • tumor cells have a need for readily available Fe(II) to survive and proliferate.
  • Tf has been recognized to sequester most labile Fe(II) in vivo
  • Asc•− and H2O2 were generated in vivo upon i.v Vit-C administration of around 0.5 g/kg of body weight and that the generation was Vit-C-dose reliant
  • free irons, especially Fe(II), increase Vit-C autoxidation, leading to H2O2 production
  • iron metabolism is altered in malignancies
  • increase in the expression of various iron-intake pathways or the downregulation of iron exporter proteins and storage pathways
  • Fe(II) ion in breast cancer cells is almost double that in normal breast tissues
  • macrophages in the cancer microenvironment have been revealed to increase iron shedding
  • Advanced breast tumor patients had substantially greater Fe(II) levels in their blood than the control groups without the disease
  • increased the amount of LIP inside the cells through transferrin receptor (TfR)
  • Warburg effect, or metabolic reprogramming,
  • Warburg effect is aided by KRAS or BRAF mutations
  • Vit-C is supplied, it oxidizes to DHA, and then is readily transported by GLUT-1 in mutant cells of KRAS or BRAF competing with glucose [46]. DHA is quickly converted into ascorbate inside the cell by NADPH and GSH [46,107]. This decrease reduces the concentration of cytosolic antioxidants and raises the intracellular ROS amounts
  • increased ROS inactivates glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)
  • ROS activates poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which depletes NAD+ (a critical co-factor of GAPDH); thus, further reducing the GAPDH associated with a multifaceted metabolic rewiring
  • Hindering GAPDH can result in an “energy crisis”, due to the decrease in ATP production
  • high-dose Vit-C recruited metabolites and increased the enzymatic activity in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), blocked the tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and increased oxygen uptake, disrupting the intracellular metabolic balance and resulting in irreversible cell death, due to an energy crisis
  • mega-dose Vit-C influences energy metabolism by producing tremendous amounts of H2O2
  • Due to its great volatility at neutral pH [76], bolus therapy with mega-dose DHA has only transitory effects on tumor cells, both in vitro and in vivo.
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The monounsaturated fatty acid intake modulates the effect of ADIPOQ polymorphisms on o... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2753535 genetics obesity epigenetics SNPs adiponectin diet
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 Jan 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 21 Jan 13
     
    Epigenetics: the interplay between genetics and the environment.  They influence each other.  This study shows how genetic SNPs influence the impact of lipid metabolism in overweight white people.  The genetic SNPs influenced how the individuals metabolized dietary fat intake.
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Toll-like receptor signaling links dietary fatty acids to the metabolic syndrome - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3099529 TLR toll-like receptors toll-like receptors fatty acids fat metabolic syndrome obesity overweight inflammation dietary
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Activation of the innate immune system controls macronutrient metabolism
  • the innate immune response is the first line of defense against invading pathogens, wherein highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by cognate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs
  • many studies have supported the idea that cytokine signaling directly promotes insulin resistance
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • innate immune system may be causally linked to obesity
  • adipose tissue contains a substantial population of macrophages, and macrophage-driven adipose inflammation contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of obesity
  • Collectively, activation of the innate immune system is strongly associated with ASCVD, insulin resistance, and obesity, and recent evidence suggests that much of this association can be traced to a unique family of PRRs known as TLRs
  • TLRs are a family of type I transmembrane receptors, currently thought to comprise at least 13 members in mammals, that specifically recognize a variety of microbial PAMPs and trigger host cellular responses
  • Free SFAs have indeed been demonstrated to elicit TLR4-dependent and TLR2-dependent responses in several cell types.
  • Endogenous SFAs released from adipocytes activate cocultured macrophages via TLR4 [18], indicating the potential for cellular crosstalk in adipose tissue. Collectively, there is a growing body of evidence that SFAs promote, whereas long chain PUFA antagonize, TLR4-dependent and TLR2-dependent signaling in multiple cell models
  • In an elegant study, Shi et al. [16] demonstrated that SFAs activate TLR4-dependent signaling in both macrophages and adipocytes, and mice lacking TLR4 are protected against insulin resistance driven by intravenous lipid infusion
  • In addition to effects in macrophages and adipocytes, SFAs can activate TLR4 in the hypothalamus, which triggers a central inflammatory response that results in resistance to anorexigenic signals
  • endogenous SFAs can indeed promote innate immunity and inflammatory disease
  • This finding strongly supports the work of Hwang and coworkers [19–22] demonstrating that ω-3 PUFAs can effectively counteract SFA-induced TLR4 activation in cultured macrophages and dendritic cells.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Oct 12
     
    high dietary fatty acids linked to metabolic syndrome through TLR.
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Low testosterone levels are associated with metabolic syndrome, in elderly men: the rol... - 0 views

eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/...P4295.short low T Testosterone metabolic syndrome metabolic syndrome MetS men male hormones hormone hs-CRP insulin HDL waist circumference inflammation
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 13 Mar 14
     
    Low Serum Testosterone inversely associated metabolic syndrome in men.  This study was conducted in the Ikaria islands.  No association was found with women and Testosterone.  In men, Testosterone was inversely associated with waist circumference, hs-CRP, insulin, and HDL.
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Nutrapharmacology of Tocotrienols for Metabol... [Curr Pharm Des. 2011] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...21774781 Tocotrienols Vitamin E metabolic Syndrom MetS tocopherols
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 Oct 11 - No Cached
  • This review evaluates the effects of tocotrienols on the risk factors of metabolic syndrome using data from human, animal and in vitro studies. Tocotrienols improved lipid profiles and reduced atherosclerotic lesions, decreased blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin concentrations, normalized blood pressure, and inhibited adipogenesis.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 21 Oct 11
     
    Tocotrienols, vitamin E, shown to improve metabolic syndrome risk factors.
16More

Fructose decreases physical activity and increases body fat without affecting hippocamp... - 0 views

www.nature.com/...srep09589.html fructose obesity fat diet nutrition activity physical activity
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 03 Aug 15 - No Cached
  • the fructose animals gained significantly more weight than the glucose animals
  • The average liver mass of mice in the fructose treatment group was 20% heavier than for mice in the glucose group
  • The fat pads of mice consuming the fructose diet were 69% heavier than the fat pads of animals consuming the glucose diet
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • there are many studies showing that consumption of fructose in comparison to other monosaccharides results in increased de novo lipogenesis, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, BW6, 7 and, most recently, impaired cognitive function
  • in the present study, the intake of fructose by mice was more similar to that of typical human consumption in comparison to previous studies
  • prolonged consumption of diets containing fructose (11 weeks) increased BW and body fat deposition
  • studies in humans confirm that fructose, but not glucose (when provided as 25% of energy requirements), in the context of an energy-balanced diet increases de novo lipogenesis and visceral adiposity along with dyslipidemia, decreases insulin sensitivity10, 12 and decreases in fat oxidation
  • we hypothesize that fructose may reduce voluntary energy expenditure in terms of physical activity.
  • significant reduction (~20%) in physical activity in the fructose-fed animals in comparison to glucose
  • a recent study reported that ingestion of fructose (25% energy intake, 10 weeks) in human volunteers also resulted in reduced energy expenditure in relation to a diet with the same glucose dose
  • There is certainly evidence to suggest that, for example, exercise is able to prevent dyslipidemia in healthy subjects fed a weight-maintenance high-fructose diet (30%)54, which strongly suggests a protective role of physical activity in metabolic regulation.
  • the potential negative effects of fructose in brain and cognitive function have been investigated, with a series of studies showing cognitive deficits in spatial memory and learning in adolescent and adult animals following access to a high fructose diet
  • access to both fructose and sucrose, but not glucose, results in a 40% reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis
  • Collectively these studies seem to suggest that fructose consumption can have a considerable impact on hippocampal function and learning, which is in direct contrast with what we observed.
  • the impact of fructose is apparent only in BW, liver mass and body fat, but not in cognitive measures or rates of neurogenesis
  • Nathan Goodyear on 03 Aug 15
     
    animal study finds that fructose increased liver mass, abdominal fat and decreased physical activity when compared to glucose.  The study groups were iso caloric, but one group was fed 18% fructose and the other 18% glucose.
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Cardiovascular risk factors in men: The role of g... [Metabolism. 2001] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...11474474 SHBG hormone hormones lipids cardiovascular disease
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Jan 14
     
    SHBG plays an important role in the effect of the sex hormones on lipids.  
1More

Beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium lactis on lipid profile and cytokines in patients... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...27126957 probiotics gut gut health gut flora gut microbiota Bifidobacterium inflammation metabolic syndrome
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Jun 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Jun 16
     
    only abstract currently available.  Small dose of bifidobacterium lactis in milk found to reduce BMI, total cholesterol, LDL, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 over 45 day study in people with metabolic syndrome.
18More

Testosterone deficiency syndrome and cardiovascular health: An assessment of beliefs, k... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3929476 low T Testosterone cardiovascular disease physicians men male hormone hormones
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 03 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • The vast majority (88%) did not screen cardiac patients for TDS.
  • Testosterone deficiency has a prevalence of 7% in the general population, rising to 20% in elderly males
  • Males with CAD have lower testosterone levels than those with normal coronary angiograms of the same age,5 suggesting that the prevalence of testosterone deficiency is much higher in the CAD population
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • Men with hypertension, another established risk factor for CAD, have lower testosterone compared to normotensive men
  • Recent meta-analyses showed that testosterone levels are generally lower among patients with metabolic syndrome, regardless of the various definitions of metabolic syndrome that are used
  • Testosterone (total and bioavailable) and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) are inversely associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in men between the ages of 40 and 80, and this association persists across racial and ethnic backgrounds
  • ower levels of testosterone and SHBG predict a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome.
  • Low testosterone levels have been related to increased insulin resistance and cardiovascular mortality,12 even in the absence of overt type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  • testosterone levels (total and bioavailable) in middle-aged men are inversely correlated with insulin resistance
  • The Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) demonstrated that low levels of testosterone and SHBG are independent risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes,
  • Andropausal men (age 58 ± 7 years) have a higher maximal carotid artery intima-media thickness
  • There is an inverse linear correlation between body mass index (BMI) and wait-to-hip ratio with testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels.
  • Testosterone supplementation for 1 year in hypogonadal men has been shown to cause a significant improvement in body weight, BMI, waist size, lipid profile, and C-reactive protein levels
  • TRT for 3 months in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes significantly improved fasting insulin sensitivity, fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin.
  • Testosterone replacement can improve angina symptoms and delay the onset of cardiac ischemia, likely through a coronary vasodilator mechanism
  • ADT is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality.
  • ADT significantly increases fat mass, decreases lean body mass,29,30 increases fasting plasma insulin and decreases insulin sensitivity31 and increases serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels
  • Nathan Goodyear on 03 Mar 14
     
    Startling study on the knowledge of Testosterone and cardiovascular disease in general practitioners and cardiologists in Canada.  Eight-eight percent did not screen patients with cardiovascular disease for low Testosterone.  A whopping 67% of physicians did not know that low T was a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, yet 62% believed Testosterone would increase exercise tolerance. The lack of knowledge displayed by physicians today is staggering and is an indictment of the governing bodies.  This was a survey conducted in Canada so there are obvious limitations to the strength/conclusion of this study.
35More

Elderly men over 65 years of age with late-onset hypogonadism benefit as much from test... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4392031 low T low Testosterone Testosterone men male hormone hormones late onset hypogonadism hypogonadism
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 May 15 - No Cached
  • The benefits of restoring serum testosterone in men with LOH were not significantly different between men older than 65 years of age and younger men. There were no indications that side effects were more severe in elderly men. The effects on prostate and urinary function and hematocrit were within safe margins.
  • obesity, but also impaired general health, are the more common causes of low testosterone in aging men
  • Severe LOH is associated with substantially higher risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality,
  • ...30 more annotations...
  • advanced age, obesity, a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, and poor general health status were predictors of LOH
  • Diabetes mellitus was correlated with hypogonadism in most studies
  • coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease did not predict hypogonadism, they did correlate with the incidence of low testosterone
  • LOH can be defined by the presence of at least three sexual symptoms associated with a total testosterone level of less than 11 nmol/L (3.2 ng/mL) and a free testosterone level of less than 220 pmol/L (64 pg/mL)
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 27 May 15
       
      the European Male Aging study defined low T as total < 320 ng/dl and free < 64 pg/ml.  
  • Mean weight decreased
  • Waist circumference decreased
  • Total cholesterol decreased
  • Low-density lipoprotein decreased
  • Triglycerides decreased
  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased
  • ratio of total cholesterol to HDL improved
  • Prostate volume increased
  • PSA increased
  • The benefits for men older than 65 years of age were compared with those of younger men, and the improvements in body weight, metabolic factors, psychological functioning, and sexual functioning were of the same magnitude in both age groups
  • weight loss was progressive over the 6-year period, effects of testosterone on lipids and on psychological and sexual functioning reached a plateau after approximately 3 years and these effects were sustained
  • Effects of testosterone on hematopoiesis, on the prostate, and on bladder function were not more severe in older men than in younger men
  • observe a mild increase in prostate volume and serum PSA over time, which is a normal finding in aging men. Maybe somewhat surprising, postvoiding residue and the IPSS did not deteriorate with aging but showed a degree of improvement
  • the severity of the metabolic syndrome is associated with the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms
  • The symptoms of the metabolic syndrome improve upon testosterone treatment and testosterone may thus have a favorable effect on lower urinary tract symptoms
  • it seems reasonable to conclude that the risks of testosterone administration to elderly men are not disproportionately higher in elderly men than in younger men.
  • Despite evidence to the contrary, physicians still harbor a wrongful association between testosterone and the development of prostate pathology (prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia)
  • Not surprisingly, the incidence of prostate cancer was higher in older men; however, it was lower than expected in both groups
  • These observations suggest that the incidence of prostate cancer in patients receiving testosterone therapy, both in the younger and in the older group, was not greater than in the general population not receiving testosterone treatment
  • The historical fear that raising testosterone levels will result in more prostate cancer has been dispelled, particularly by the work of Abraham Morgentaler
  • Higher serum testosterone levels fail to show an increased risk of prostate cancer, and supraphysiological testosterone does not increase prostate volume or PSA in healthy men
  • This apparent paradox is explained by the "saturation model,"
  • Recent studies indicate no increased risk of prostate cancer among men with serum testosterone in the therapeutic range
  • In the present observational study, no cases of major adverse cardiovascular events occurred.
  • the benefits of testosterone therapy are fully achieved only by long-term treatment
  • To achieve maximal benefits, good patient adherence is a prerequisite
  • Nathan Goodyear on 21 May 15
     
    Study finds new difference in Testosterone benefits and/or side effects between men < 65 with low T and men > 65 with low T.
1More

Lipid metabolism is associated with developmental epigenetic programming | Scientific R... - 0 views

www.nature.com/...srep34857 epigenetics metabolism nutrition pregnancy
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Oct 17 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Oct 17
     
    maternal diet alters metabolism of offspring via epigenetics.
1More

Treatment of Obesity-Related Complications with Novel Classes of Naturally Occurring PP... - 0 views

www.hindawi.com/...897894 PPAR agonist PPAR agonist
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 17 Jan 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 17 Jan 13
     
    natural PPAR agonists.  Maybe provide some of the anti-inflammatory improved lipid metabolism without the side effects found in their synthetic counterpart avandia
1More

Access : Effect of three consecutive meals on the physicochemical properties of HDL and... - 0 views

www.nature.com/...ejcn2011114a.html HDL access LDL metabolic syndrome diabetes nutrition
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jul 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jul 11
     
    repetitive post-meal reveals elevated lipids promote an atherogenic change in HDL and LDL
1More

Cardiovascular Risk in Adult Patients With Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency and Following... - 0 views

press.endocrine.org/...jc.2013-2394 Growth hormone growth hormone GH hormones cardiovascular disease metabolism
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 Jan 14
     
    low Growth hormone levels in adults shown to be associated with increased cardiovascular disease.  Increased inflammatory cytokines, CRP, glucose, and abnormal lipid profile are all found to be associated with low GH in adults.
1More

Testosterone Supplementation Improves Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Some Older M... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4225803 Testosterone adipose obesity LDL triglycerides lipids metabolism insulin resistance insulin sensitivity men male hormone hormones
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 24 Nov 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 24 Nov 14
     
    In some men, Testosterone therapy (10 mg transdermal) is associated with adipose tissue.  In those with a decrease in adipose tissue, a decrease in LDL, decrease in Triglycerides, increase in insulin sensitivity, and lower HDL were found.
1More

Growth hormone treatment in adults with Prader-Wil... [Endocrine. 2012] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...22081257 growth hormone growth hormone hormones Prader-Willi Syndrome fat
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 03 Aug 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 03 Aug 14
     
    Thought GH in those with Prader-Willi Syndrome did not see an improvement in lipid and glucose metabolism, lean body mass increased and fat mass decreased.
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