Estradiol (E2) shown to be neuroprotective in those with microglial excitotoxicity diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. this study looked at a rat model. The effect was not through inhibition of NF-kappaB, but through MAP kinase.
increased testosterone to estrogen conversion, in part, stimulated by inflammatory cytokines: TNF, and IL-6. They propose aromatase inhibition to decrease testosterone to estrogen conversion. This study looked at individuals with HIV.
The gut microbial composition is altered during pregnancy
probiotic supplements may contribute to the maintenance of bacterial diversity and glucose homeostasis in individuals with metabolic disturbances
Assessment of four randomized controlled trials in this review involving 288 pregnant women with GDM found that a 6–8 week probiotic intervention did not improve FBG or LDL-cholesterol levels
probiotic supplementation in women with GDM was associated with significant reductions in insulin resistance
One proposed method is by the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), generated as a by-product of bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers. SCFAs act as an energy source for intestinal cells and have been found to regulate the production of hormones effecting energy intake and expenditure such as leptin and grehlin
Another hypothesized mechanism of SCFA action includes reducing gastrointestinal permeability by upregulating transcription of tight junction proteins, enhancing production of Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) which promotes crypt cell proliferation, and reducing inflammation in colonic epithelial cells by increasing PPAR-gamma activation
Maintenance of the integrity of the gut barrier minimizes the concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in circulation
LPS is a structural component of gram negative bacterial cell walls, which induces an immune-cell response upon absorption into the human bloodstream, stimulating proinflammatory cytokine production and the onset of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia
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