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Computer Science Tuesday, April 25, 2023 Computer hardware Computer hardware is the physical components that make up a computer system. It includes everything from the central processing unit (CPU) to the monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Understanding the different types of hardware and how they work together is essential for anyone who works with computers. In this article, we will explore the various components of computer hardware, including internal and external components, and the peripherals that connect to them. We will also discuss the importance of hardware maintenance, the latest advancements in computer technology, and factors to consider when choosing the right hardware for your needs. Whether you are a computer technician, a gamer, or simply someone who uses a computer for everyday tasks, this article will help you better understand the world of computer hardware. Introduction to Computer Hardware Computer hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system. It includes everything from the processor and memory to input/output devices such as the keyboard and monitor. In this article, we will explore the different types of computer hardware and their functions. What is Computer Hardware Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. It includes all the components that can be touched, seen, and used to interact with a computer, such as the monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Hardware is different from computer software, which refers to the programs and applications that run on a computer system. History of Computer Hardware The history of computer hardware dates back to the 1820s when Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, and inventor, designed the first analytical engine, which was considered to be the first mechanical computer. With time, more complex electronic computers were developed, including the first Intel microprocessor in 1971. Since then, computer hardware has continued to evolve, becoming

saliva testing validated for diagnostic testing

saliva testing is broad in its diagnostic potential

saliva testing can be used for diverse diagnostic purposes 

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Its diagnostic accuracy is identical to, if not better than, that of previously described gold standards.

European Journal of Endocrinology finds that salivary cortisol can be used as a diagnostic tool for Cushing's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency.  Thus both hypercortisol and hypocortisol states can be followed using saliva.  This statement was using immunoassay.  Mass spectroscopy provides even better results

Endocrine society clinical  practice guideline's state proves validity of salivary cortisol testing.  Statement: "the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity is said to be excellent (92-100%)" and " Measurement of salivary cortisol by ELISA and LC-MS/MS has been well validated in the United States"

midnight salivary cortisol said to be diagnostically as accurate if not better than previous gold standards

salivary cortisol testing recommended as first-line test for Cushing's syndrome due to "high diagnostic accuracy".  So, I wonder why so many state medical boards and insurance companies have missed this one?

salivary cortisol shown to be good test to evaluate suspected Cushing's Syndrome.  Has high reproducibility and diagnostic performance.  

diagnostic accuracy again proven for salivary cortisol. So why does BCBS consider this experimental?  Maybe they just don't read research.

saliva testing described as the future of first-line evaluation for hormones

Fantastic review of the literature as it relates to hypocortisolism. This paper reviews the various proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms for the development of hypocortisolism. It also discusses the proper diagnostic test of choice: salivary cortisol testing.

Fructosamine and glycated albumin shown to correlate with diabetes and associated microvascular complications.  These biomarkers would compare to HgbA1C diagnostically, but their interval of glycemic evaluation would be less i.e.2-4 weeks versus 3 months with HgbA1c.

review of 6 diagnostic test methods for adult onset HGH deficiency.

Startling statistic--25% of men started on Testosterone therapy have had not diagnostic evaluation of Testosterone levels.

Salivary cortisol as a tool for physiological studies and diagnostic strategies.

A revolution in biomedical assessment: the development of salivary diagnostics.

saliva testing used in early disease detection