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Nathan Goodyear

The Role of Vitamin C in Human Immunity and Its Treatment Potential Against COVID-19: A... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC9925039

COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 COVID WBC ascorbic acid vitamin C

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23 - No Cached
  • vitamins A, B, C, E, B6, B12, folate, zinc, iron, copper, and selenium
  • White blood cells, including neutrophils and monocytes, accumulate concentrations of vitamin C up to 100 times greater than that of plasma
  • Vitamin C is a crucial component of both the innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) portions of the immune system
  • ...52 more annotations...
  • play a role during the initial chemotactic response of neutrophils shortly after infection
  • following vitamin C supplementation, a 20% increase in neutrophil chemotactic activity was observed
  • also contributes to the phagocytosis and killing of microbes by neutrophils
  • low levels of vitamin C occurring in high-stress situations
  • maturation, proliferation, and viability of T cells have all been shown to be upregulated by the presence of normal physiologic concentrations of vitamin C
  • Vitamin C has been shown to directly affect the number of Igs released from B cells
  • vitamin C among healthy young adult males showed a significant increase in serum levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM
  • effects of high-dose vitamin C on cytokine levels in cancer patients, finding decreased amounts of the cytokines Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-2, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) after high-dose vitamin C infusion
  • when vitamin C was supplemented with vitamin E in healthy adults, it increased the production of cytokines IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha
  • vitamin C acts to modulate the levels of cytokines to prevent them from fluctuating in either direction
  • vitamin C also acts as an important antioxidant to the cells of the immune system.
  • human leukocytes, neutrophils, in particular, possess the ability to transport the oxidized form of vitamin C across its membrane to use as a defense mechanism against ROS produced during an immune response
  • Vitamin C also can recover other endogenous antioxidants in the body such as vitamin E and glutathione, returning them to their active state
  • vitamin C can decrease the activation of NF-kB
  • can reduce harmful nitrogen-based compounds such as N-nitrosamines and nitrosamides, both of which are carcinogenic 
  • subjects taking oral vitamin C supplementation saw a 60% to 90% reduction in oxidative stress compared to a placebo control
  • subjects infused with vitamin C alone had a 516% increase in glutathione levels compared to subjects not provided the 500 mg daily supplementation
  • hydroxylating proline and lysine
  • mature and stabilize the tissue of a healing wound
  • healing
  • oral surgery
  • improved soft tissue regeneration
  • vitamin C increases the mRNA levels of type I and type III collagen in the human dermis
  • Studies have demonstrated that those with low levels of vitamin C are at a significantly higher risk of respiratory infection compared to those with normal levels
  • viral cold duration was reduced by about 8% in adults and 13.5% in children using prophylactic daily doses of 200 mg of oral vitamin C
  • prophylactically supplementing vitamin C decreases the risk of infection with respiratory viruses such as the common cold
  • combined with probiotics, oral vitamin C supplementation showed a 33% decrease in the incidence of respiratory tract infections in preschool-age children [
  • high-dose oral supplementation of vitamin C managed to prevent or reduce symptoms if taken before or just after the onset of cold- or flu-like symptoms
  • improvements in oxygen saturation and decreased IL-6 levels (a marker of inflammation) in the treatment group compared to the control group
  • 8 g doses of oral vitamin C
  • there is a negative correlation between age and serum levels of vitamin C
  • Patients with COVID-19 will likely also experience depletion in serum levels of vitamin C as a direct result of the upregulation of the immune system to combat the infection
  • Colunga et al. suggested that oral vitamin C can be combined with oral Quercetin, an antiviral flavonoid, to improve Quercetin’s ability to block viral membrane fusion of SARS-CoV-2
  • high doses of 1-2 g/day of oral vitamin C could prevent other upper respiratory infections
  • It appears vitamin C supplementation by itself does not provide a striking benefit in preventing COVID-19 infection for those without a deficiency
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23
       
      Flawed statement. What is normal? Vitamin D. Many variables effect levels and dose, including the two compartment kinetics and absorption.
  • Hiedra et al. were able to show decreases in inflammatory biomarkers, such as D-dimer and ferritin
  • some evidence to support that prophylactic use of vitamin C helps reduce the severity of respiratory infection symptoms once a subject has already been infected
  • oral vitamin C in combination with zinc provided the largest amount of antibody titers 42 days
  • linear relationship between days of vitamin C therapy and survival duration
  • other studies were unable to find any definitive improvement concerning therapy with vitamin C
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23
       
      Either these studies are designed to fail or the authors are lacking some basic understanding of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with vitamin C.
  • Fowler et al. aimed to see if a high-dose vitamin C infusion would benefit patients affected by ARDS, but they were unable to conclude that vitamin C infusion, compared to a placebo, could decrease vascular inflammation and damage in ARDS
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23
       
      At what dose, duration, frequency???
  • in a sample of 67 COVID-19-positive ICU patients, 82% of them displayed plasma vitamin C levels below 0.4 mg/dL
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23
       
      They are kind of make the point from my earlier note.
  • continuous vitamin C infusion at a rate of 60 mg/kg/day for four days decreased the need for mechanical ventilation and vasopressor use but had no significant effect on overall mortality
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23
       
      Again, designed to fail or ignorance designed the study which failed
  • Carr et al. suggested that high-dose IV vitamin C is most effective when treating sepsis as septic patients receiving the normal daily recommendations through diet still showed decreased vitamin C levels
  • High-dose IV vitamin C treatment has also been shown by Kakodkar et al. to decrease syndecan-1, an endothelial glycocalyx that contributes to mortality in septic patients
  • combined with hydrocortisone and thiamine, septic patients treated with 1.5 g of IV vitamin C every six hours showed a distinct decrease in their SOFA scores and none of the patients treated developed organ failure
  • combined with hydrocortisone and thiamine, septic patients treated with 1.5 g of IV vitamin C every six hours showed a distinct decrease in their SOFA scores and none of the patients treated developed organ failure
  • reduced overall mortality
  • reduced overall mortality
  • propose the use for high-dose vitamin C to aid in the treatment of septic shock-induced hypotension
  • treatment of severe sepsis using a high dose (up to 200 mg/kg/day) of IV vitamin C was explored in phase I, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial by Fowler et al. [75]. Their findings included a reduction in SOFA scores and decreased vascular injury compared to a placebo control group, all while showing minimal adverse side effects
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23
       
      High dose here is laughable. Again, duration and frequency also.
  • Maintaining a daily intake of 75 and 100 mg for men and women, respectively, as recommended by the U.S. Institute of Medicine
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 01 Sep 23
       
      This recommendation is FRANK IGNORANCE
Nathan Goodyear

Improving the Vitamin D Status of Vitamin D Deficient Adults Is Associated With Improve... - 0 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...E509.abstract

vitamin vitamins vitamin D mitochondria skeletal muscle

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 18 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 18 Mar 13
     
    Fascinating link between vitamin D and mitochondria function in skeletal muscle.  Vitamin D replacement was found to improve mitochondrial function, improve post exercise discomfort in those with vitamin D deficiency.  Obviously, this provides support for a link between vitamin D and mitochondrial function.  This could provide an important tool in the recovery phase in athletes.
Nathan Goodyear

Stuck at the bench: Potential natural neuroprotective compounds for concussion - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3205506

concussions concussion natural therapies brain curcumin omega 3 resveratrol green tea EGCG EPA DHA vitamin E vitamin c vitamin D

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Feb 16 - No Cached
  • Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are highly enriched in neuronal synaptosomal plasma membranes and vesicles
  • The predominant CNS polyunsaturated fatty acid is DHA
  • effective supplementation and/or increased ingestion of dietary sources rich in EPA and DHA, such as cold-water fish species and fish oil, may help improve a multitude of neuronal functions, including long-term potentiation and cognition.
  • ...45 more annotations...
  • multiple preclinical studies have suggested that DHA and/or EPA supplementation may have potential benefit through a multitude of diverse, but complementary mechanisms
  • pre-injury dietary supplementation with fish oil effectively reduces post-traumatic elevations in protein oxidation
  • The benefits of pre-traumatic DHA supplementation have not only been independently confirmed,[150] but DHA supplementation has been shown to significantly reduce the number of swollen, disconnected and injured axons when administered following traumatic brain injury.
  • DHA has provided neuroprotection in experimental models of both focal and diffuse traumatic brain injury
  • potential mechanisms of neuroprotection, in addition to DHA and EPA's well-established anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
  • Despite abundant laboratory evidence supporting its neuroprotective effects in experimental models, the role of dietary DHA and/or EPA supplementation in human neurological diseases remains uncertain
  • Several population-based, observational studies have suggested that increased dietary fish and/or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption may reduce risk for ischemic stroke in several populations
  • Randomized control trials have also demonstrated significant reductions in ischemic stroke recurrence,[217] relative risk for ischemic stroke,[2] and reduced incidence of both symptomatic vasospasm and mortality following subarachnoid hemorrhage
  • Clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease have also been largely ineffective
  • The clinical evidence thus far appears equivocal
  • curcumin has gained much attention from Western researchers for its potential therapeutic benefits in large part due to its potent anti-oxidant[128,194,236] and anti-inflammatory properties
  • Curcumin is highly lipophilic and crosses the blood-brain barrier enabling it to exert a multitude of different established neuroprotective effects
  • in the context of TBI, a series of preclinical studies have suggested that pre-traumatic and post-traumatic curcumin supplementation may bolster the brain's resilience to injury and serve as a valuable therapeutic option
  • Curcumin may confer significant neuroprotection because of its ability to act on multiple deleterious post-traumatic, molecular cascades
  • studies demonstrated that both pre- and post-traumatic curcumin administration resulted in a significant reduction of neuroinflammation via inhibition of the pro-inflammatory molecules interleukin 1β and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)
  • no human studies have been conducted with respect to the effects of curcumin administration on the treatment of TBI, subarachnoid or intracranial hemorrhage, epilepsy or stroke
  • studies have demonstrated that resveratrol treatment reduces brain edema and lesion volume, as well as improves neurobehavioral functional performance following TBI
  • green tea consumption or supplementation with its derivatives may bolster cognitive function acutely and may slow cognitive decline
  • At least one population based study, though, did demonstrate that increased green tea consumption was associated with a reduced risk for Parkinson's disease independent of total caffeine intake
  • a randomized, placebo-controlled trial demonstrated that administration of green tea extract and L-theanine, over 16 weeks of treatment, improved indices of memory and brain theta wave activity on electroencephalography, suggesting greater cognitive alertness
  • Other animal studies have also demonstrated that theanine, another important component of green tea extract, exerts a multitude of neuroprotective benefits in experimental models of ischemic stroke,[63,97] Alzheimer's disease,[109] and Parkinson's disease
  • Theanine, like EGCG, contains multiple mechanisms of neuroprotective action including protection from excitotoxic injury[97] and inhibition of inflammation
  • potent anti-oxidant EGCG which is capable of crossing the blood-nerve and blood-brain barrier,
  • Epigallocatechin-3-gallate also displays neuroprotective properties
  • More recent research has suggested that vitamin D supplementation and the prevention of vitamin D deficiency may serve valuable roles in the treatment of TBI and may represents an important and necessary neuroprotective adjuvant for post-TBI progesterone therapy
  • Progesterone is one of the few agents to demonstrate significant reductions in mortality following TBI in human patients in preliminary trials
  • in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that vitamin D supplementation with progesterone administration may significantly enhance neuroprotection
  • Vitamin D deficiency may increase inflammatory damage and behavioral impairment following experimental injury and attenuate the protective effects of post-traumatic progesterone treatment.[37]
  • emerging evidence has suggested that daily intravenous administration of vitamin E following TBI significantly decreases mortality and improves patient outcomes
  • high dose vitamin C administration following injury stabilized or reduced peri-lesional edema and infarction in the majority of patients receiving post-injury treatment
  • it has been speculated that combined vitamin C and E therapy may potentiate CNS anti-oxidation and act synergistically with regards to neuroprotection
  • one prospective human study has found that combined intake of vitamin C and E displays significant treatment interaction and reduces the risk of stroke
  • Pycnogenol has demonstrated the ability to slow or reduce the pathological processes associated with Alzheimer's disease
  • Pcynogenol administration, in a clinical study of elderly patients, led to improved cognition and reductions in markers of lipid peroxidase
  • One other point of consideration is that in neurodegenerative disease states like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, where there are high levels of reactive oxygen species generation, vitamin E can tend to become oxidized itself. For maximal effectiveness and to maintain its anti-oxidant capacity, vitamin E must be given in conjunction with other anti-oxidants like vitamin C or flavonoids
  • These various factors might account for the null effects of alpha-tocopherol supplementation in patients with MCI and Alzheimer's disease
  • preliminary results obtained in a pediatric population have suggested that post-traumatic oral creatine administration (0.4 g/kg) given within four hours of traumatic brain injury and then daily thereafter, may improve both acute and long-term outcomes
  • Acutely, post-traumatic creatine administration seemed to reduce duration of post-traumatic amnesia, length of time spent in the intensive care unit, and duration of intubation
  • At three and six months post-injury, subjects in the creatine treatment group demonstrated improvement on indices of self care, communication abilities, locomotion, sociability, personality or behavior and cognitive function when compared to untreated controls
  • patients in the creatine-treatment group were less likely to experience headaches, dizziness and fatigue over six months of follow-up
  • CNS creatine is derived from both its local biosynthesis from the essential amino acids methionine, glycine and arginine
  • Studies of patients with CNS creatine deficiency and/or murine models with genetic ablation of creatine kinase have consistently demonstrated significant neurological impairment in the absence of proper creatine, phosphocreatine, or creatine kinase function; thus highlighting its functional importance
  • chronic dosing may partially reverse neurological impairments in human CNS creatine deficiency syndromes
  • Several studies have suggested that creatine supplementation may also reduce oxidative DNA damage and brain glutamate levels in Huntington disease patients
  • Another study highlighted that creatine supplementation marginally improved indices of mood and reduced the need for increased dopaminergic therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Feb 16
     
    great review of natural therapies in the treatment of concussions
Nathan Goodyear

Symposium 3: Vitamin D and immune function: from pregnancy to adolescence - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3733090

vitamin d vitamin immune function Natural killer cells invariant NKT iNKT pregnancy

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 12 Aug 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 12 Aug 13
     
    Good article on the immunomodulation effect of vitamin D.  The importance of vitamin D goes back to pregnancy.   Vitamin D deficiencies during pregnancy inhibit appropriate invariant Natrual killer cells, which play important regulatory effect in autoimmune disease.  Even with restoration of vitamin D levels with replacement, the full positive effects of vitamin D are not seen due to limited iNKT potential.
Nathan Goodyear

Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency Increases the Risk of Preeclampsia - 0 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...3517.short

vitamin vitamin d deficiency preeclampsia pregnancy PIH

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 14 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 14 Mar 12
     
    vitamin D deficiency increases preeclampsia risk.  All pregnant women or women considering pregnancy should be evaluated for vitamin D deficiency.
Nathan Goodyear

Vitamin D3 Is More Potent Than Vitamin D2 in Humans -- Heaney et al. 96 (3): E447 -- Jo... - 0 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...E447

vitamin d3 D

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 16 May 11 - No Cached
  • D3 is approximately 87% more potent in raising and maintaining serum 25(OH)D concentrations and produces 2- to 3-fold greater storage of vitamin D than does equimolar D2
  • D3 should be the preferred treatment option when correcting vitamin D deficiency
  • Nathan Goodyear on 16 May 11
     
    Vitamin D3 87% more potent than D2; D3 should be the treatment for vitamin d deficiency
Nathan Goodyear

Vitamin D and diabetes - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2426990

vitamin D insulin resistance insulin sensitivity metformin

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 01 Dec 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 01 Dec 15
     
    vitamin D in those with vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance have improved insulin sensitivity.  The doses used in the case studies presented are low.  This article highlights the fact that vitamin D outperforms metformin in improved insulin sensitivity.
Nathan Goodyear

Epidemic influenza and vitamin D. [Epidemiol Infect. 2006] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...entrez

influenza vitamin vitamin d cold D deficiency children

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 14 Dec 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 14 Dec 11
     
    vitamin D deficiency predisposes children to the respiratory problems commonly found in the winter months.  Vitamin D shown to reduce the incidence of such respiratory infections (cold, flu...)
Nathan Goodyear

Vitamin D Deficiency Modulates Graves' Hyperthyroidism Induced in BALB/c Mice by Thyrot... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2646531

vitamin vitamin d deficiency vitamin D deficiency low vitamin D Graves Graves disease hyperthyroid autoimmune disease autoimmune disease inflammation

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 15 May 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 15 May 13
     
    Low vitamin D plays a role in immune response associated with Graves disease.  This study found small impact, but impact nonetheless.
Nathan Goodyear

Vitamin D3 Is More Potent Than Vitamin D2 in Human... [J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010] -... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...21177785

Vitamin D D3

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 03 Feb 11 - No Cached
  • Given its greater potency and lower cost, D3 should be the preferred treatment option when correcting vitamin D deficiency.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 03 Feb 11
     
    Vitamin D3 better absorbed than D2: and should be the preferential treatment in vitamin D deficiency
Nathan Goodyear

Vitamin D Deficiency in Critically Ill Children - 0 views

pediatrics.aappublications.org/...421.abstract

vitamin D deficiency low children vitamins pediatrics vitamin d

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 18 Sep 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 18 Sep 12
     
    vitamin D deficiency found highly prevalent in children with critical illness
Nathan Goodyear

Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in school... - 0 views

ajcn.nutrition.org/...1255.long

vitamin d influenza flu vitamin d3 asthma

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Sep 17 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Sep 17
     
    Nice study from a few years ago found that a low dose vitamin D3 (1200 IU) significantly reduced the relative risk of the flu in school age children.  Also of note, a significant reduction in asthma attacks in those children with asthma were significantly reduced in the vitamin D3 treated group.  One interesting thing about this study was that they did not check prior or during the study if vitamin D deficiency was even present.  This study was conducted in Japan
Nathan Goodyear

Vitamin D is associated with testosterone and hypogonadism in Chinese men: Results from... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4504177

vitamin d male hormones low T low Testosterone Testosterone

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Jan 17 - No Cached
  • lower 25(OH)D level was significantly associated with lower total T, E2, SHBG, LH and FSH levels after adjusting for age, residence area, economic status and current smoker
  • association between 25(OH)D status and hypogonadism in Chinese men and confirms that this relationship is present in a large population
  • VDR knockout mutant mice showed gonadal insufficiencies
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • High LH and FSH levels in the male mice indicated hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
  • Another mouse study reported a tendency towards low testosterone/LH ratio and Leydig cell hyperplasia in VDR null mice
  • The serum testosterone levels could increase to normal values in vitamin D-deficient rats replete with vitamin D
  • VDR knockout mice had decreased sperm count, reduced sperm motility, and histological abnormality of the testis
  • vitamin D supplementation increases testosterone levels in non-diabetic subjects
  • The data from the European Male Ageing Study [9] indicated that 25(OH)D is positively associated with total T
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Jan 17
     
    Study of 713 Chinese men finds a correlation between low vitamin D and low total Testosterone.
Nathan Goodyear

Association of vitamin D deficiency with incidence of type 2 diabetes in high-risk Asia... - 0 views

ajcn.nutrition.org/...524.abstract

vitamin D type II DM diabetes vitamin D deficiency

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 07 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 07 Mar 13
     
    vitamin D deficiency associated with increased type II DM.  This was found to be associated independently from other variables.
Nathan Goodyear

Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease -- Wang et al. 117 (4): 503 -- ... - 0 views

circ.ahajournals.org/...503

Vitamin D CVD cardiovascular disease heart

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jan 11 - No Cached
  • Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jan 11
     
    Vitamin D deficiency and CardioVascular disease
Nathan Goodyear

Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency ... [Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...15184215

vitamin vitamin d deficiency health children adolescents pediatrics

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Oct 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 Oct 11
     
    Vitamin D deficiency is a growing problem in adolescents.  How this will impact health, only time will tell.
Nathan Goodyear

Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: an Endocrine Society Cli... - 0 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...1911.abstract

vitamin vitamin d deficiency

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 Sep 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 Sep 11
     
    the Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline to not screen for vitamin D deficiency, proves that this organization cannot be looked to for reliable analysis of scientific data
Nathan Goodyear

Dietary vitamin D deficiency in rats from middle to old age leads to elevated tyrosine ... - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S089158491300350X

vitamin D deficiency vitamin d brain oxidative stress NF-kapppB

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Dec 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Dec 13
     
    Low dietary vitamin D intake associated with increased oxidative stress, NF-KappaB transcription and damage to brain in animal model.
Nathan Goodyear

Athletic performance and vitamin D. - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...19346976

vitamin d sports medicine sports athletes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 25 Aug 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 25 Aug 15
     
    Vitamin D therapy in those that are vitamin D deficient will likely see improved performance.  The goal is > 50 ng/ml.
Nathan Goodyear

The effect of vitamin D replacement ther... [J Endocrinol Invest. 2010] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...19820295

PCOS vitamin D insulin resistance IR

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 17 Sep 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 17 Sep 11
     
    Vitamin D deficiency is found in women with PCOS and vitamin D therapy shown to improve insulin resistance in women with PCOS
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