metastasis
Rain gardens could save salmon from toxic tire chemicals -- ScienceDaily - 1 views
QuillBot AI - Paraphrasing Tool - 1 views
4More
Dissemination of circulating tumor cells at night: role of sleep or circadian rhythm? |... - 1 views
-
-
spread of cancer cells from the primary site to other parts of the body (Copilot)
-
-
levels of CTCs increased at night in humans with breast cancer and mouse models of breast cancer and that CTCs in the rest-phase are more likely to metastasize
-
Cancer cells spread aggressively during the resting phase; however, whether this process occurs during sleep phases, non-rapid eye movement (NREM), or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep remains to be explored.
5More
Circadian clocks: Body parts respond to day and night independently from brain, studies... - 0 views
-
disable the entire circadian system of the mice
-
jump-start individual clocks
-
"No one realized that the liver or skin could be so directly affected by light."
- ...2 more annotations...
-
despite the shutdown of all other body clocks, including the central brain clock, the liver knew what time it was, responded to light changes as day shifted to night and maintained critical functions, such as preparing to digest food at mealtime and converting glucose to energy.
-
it's easy for people's circadian systems to get confused, he said. In turn, that can lead to depression, allergies, premature aging, cancer and other health problems. Further mice experiments could uncover ways to make human internal clocks "less misaligned,"
18More
Peptidomimetic antibiotics disrupt the lipopolysaccharide transport bridge of drug-resi... - 0 views
-
Recently, naturally occurring peptides were proposed to interfere with the function of proteins constituting the lipopolysaccharide
-
periplasmic
-
The space in between the inner and outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria
-
-
Thanatin, a 21–amino acid defense peptide isolated from the gut of the hemipteran insect Podisus maculiventris (18), exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity
-
- ...7 more annotations...
-
We hypothesized that thanatin mainly acts as a competitive inhibitor of the protein-protein interactions mediating the Lpt bridge assembly
-
Thanatin, however, is not a suitable drug candidate for further development due to poor drug-like properties and rapid emergence of resistance
-
-
β-jellyroll
-
-
Here, we introduce thanatin-derived synthetic macrocyclic peptides found after a substantial medicinal chemistry effort.
-
-
Development of resistance against thanatin was observed after 1 day of passaging in both E. coli and K. pneumoniae and is characterized by a spontaneous FOR of 1.2 × 10−6 for E. coli at 4× MIC
-
-
genome sequencing of a diverse panel of thanatin-resistant strains confirmed on-target modifications on LptA as the main resistance determinant in E. coli and K. pneumoniae.
-
The attractive in vitro and in vivo profile of these new antibiotics, coupled with their novel mechanism of action, showing no cross-resistance to standard of care antibiotics, may provide clinicians with additional treatment options to fight AMR, either in combination with SoC or as stand-alone antibiotics.
-
It is interesting to look around that these other methods that can fight off bacteria.
-
-
An article showing a new class of antibiotics known as a peptidomimetic antibiotic.
2More
shared by Sean Nash on 04 Aug 23
- No Cached
Red algae reduces methane emissions from cow poop - 1 views
www.sciencenews.org/...mate-warming-methane-red-algae
potential research idea biology engineering environmental science HSR HSR-2023 algae methane climatechange
shared by Sean Nash on 04 Aug 23
- No Cached
-
Adding the algae to decomposing feces might reduce methane emission from cow agriculture
-
Here's a bit of an engineering problem..... but one with a biological/ecological frame. The article presents promise, but many challenges. Could you imagine a way to sidestep any of the challenges presented here? What other ways could the methane production issue be strategically mitigated?
-
Physicists discover a "family" of robust, superconducting graphene structures | MIT New... - 0 views
1More
The-ethics-of-experimenting-with-human-brain-tissue.pdf - 0 views
-
A study that raises interesting questions on the ethics of growing human brain tissue.
Make Graphene in this Simple Experiment - 1 views
46More
shared by katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
- No Cached
Topical pine tar: History, properties and use as a treatment for common skin conditions... - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC5434829
pine-tar non-cancerous treatment HSR2023 environmental coal-tar trees wood
shared by katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
- No Cached
-
Pine tar is thought to exert its effect by reducing DNA synthesis and mitotic activity, which promotes a return to normal keratinisation. In addition, pine tar has been shown to be antipruritic, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal
-
Topical pine tar has been available over‐the‐counter in Australia since 1953. Today, it is available in various formulations including a gel, lotion, oil, soap‐free bar and solution containing up to 2.3% w/w pine tar
-
There are two kinds of wood tars; made either from trees with a high content of resin (pine and juniper), or from hardwood trees (birch and beech).3 Pine tar (also known as tar, alquitrán vegetal, pix liquida, stockholm tar (in commerce), wood tar, brea de pino, brea vegetal, goudron végétal, nadelholzteer, pix abietinarum, pix pini and pyroleum pini
- ...31 more annotations...
-
There are two kinds of wood tars; made either from trees with a high content of resin (pine and juniper), or from hardwood trees (birch and beech).3 Pine tar (also known as tar, alquitrán vegetal, pix liquida, stockholm tar (in commerce), wood tar, brea de pino, brea vegetal, goudron végétal, nadelholzteer, pix abietinarum, pix pini and pyroleum pini
-
is obtained by high temperature carbonisation of pine wood from various trees of the family Pinaceae in anoxic conditions (dry distillation or destructive distillation)
-
is obtained by high temperature carbonisation of pine wood from various trees of the family Pinaceae in anoxic conditions (dry distillation or destructive distillation)
-
empyreumatic
-
-
empyreumatic
-
Although pine tar has been used for the treatment of various skin diseases for thousands of years, its mechanism of action is poorly understood and has been extrapolated from studies performed using coal tar.
-
Why is it hard to understand the mechanisms behind how pine tar works?
-
-
This promotes a return to normal keratinisation, which is important in skin diseases such as psoriasis
-
-
carcinogenic
-
-
antipruritic
-
-
antipruritic
-
Fractionation of pine tar has revealed that the components responsible for its bacteriostatic properties are the resin acids,14 and that acetovanillone, 1,1′,3,3′‐tetraoxo‐2,2′‐bicyclopentyl and its 4‐methyl derivative,
-
Fractionation of pine tar has revealed that the components responsible for its bacteriostatic properties are the resin acids,14 and that acetovanillone, 1,1′,3,3′‐tetraoxo‐2,2′‐bicyclopentyl and its 4‐methyl derivative,
-
as well as another unknown compound,
-
If they know that there is another component that is responsible for how pine tar works, why haven't they found it yet?
-
-
as well as another unknown compound,
-
In terms of pharmacokinetics, it has been observed by infrared spectroscopy that pine tar is detectable in the skin 1 h following the topical application of 12% pine tar to the skin, but was undetectable in the skin after 8 h
-
Sensitivity to pine tar.18 Pre‐existing folliculitis or severe acne are also possible contraindications.19
-
proliferation
-
-
Thus it can reasonably be assumed that pine tar lacks significant carcinogenic activity.23 Further, pine tar used in the manufacture of topical pine tar products available in Australia today has been found not to be carcinogenic by the Ames test (unpublished data, Ego Pharmaceuticals), and is not classified as a carcinogen
-
Thus it can reasonably be assumed that pine tar lacks significant carcinogenic activity.23 Further, pine tar used in the manufacture of topical pine tar products available in Australia today has been found not to be carcinogenic by the Ames test (unpublished data, Ego Pharmaceuticals), and is not classified as a carcinogen
-
Despite the extensive use of medicinal tars, particularly in psoriasis patients, there is no epidemiological evidence that topical tar products, including pine tar, cause cutaneous or internal cancer
-
Despite the extensive use of medicinal tars, particularly in psoriasis patients, there is no epidemiological evidence that topical tar products, including pine tar, cause cutaneous or internal cancer
-
Hypersensitivity reactions for tars are rare, but wood tars are more likely to cause sensitisation than coal tar
-
Hypersensitivity reactions for tars are rare, but wood tars are more likely to cause sensitisation than coal tar
-
It is important to note that the number of positive reactions for wood tars was not significantly greater than those for other common allergens.
-
It is important to note that the number of positive reactions for wood tars was not significantly greater than those for other common allergens.
-
generally a mixture of pine, juniper, birch and beech tars, and therefore the exact tar eliciting the positive reaction is not known.
-
Furthermore, there have been only five cases of adverse events for pine tar reported to the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia since records began in 1971, which included pruritus, rash and dermatitis.
-
Of the 21 patients 19 preferred the pine tar baths due to the attractive green colour and smell
-
pityrosporum
-
-
Both pine tar and glucocorticosteroid treatments had an almost equally inhibiting effect on the various cellular constituents of allergic inflammation including the influx of T‐cells, eosinophils, and CD1+, RFD1+, IFN‐γ+, and IL‐4+ cells,
-
Both pine tar and glucocorticosteroid treatments had an almost equally inhibiting effect on the various cellular constituents of allergic inflammation including the influx of T‐cells, eosinophils, and CD1+, RFD1+, IFN‐γ+, and IL‐4+ cells,
1More
Watch ticks fly through the air via the power of static electricity | Science | AAAS - 1 views
-
-
It would be fascinating to find something that could prevent that static electricity, especially on pets. I feel like there are lots of possibilities with this.
-
1More
Physicists build circuit that generates clean, limitless power from graphene: Researche... - 0 views
-
""An energy-harvesting circuit based on graphene could be incorporated into a chip to provide clean, limitless, low-voltage power for small devices or sensors," said Paul Thibado, professor of physics and lead researcher in the discovery."
40More
Health Effects from Swimming Training in Chlorinated Pools and the Corresponding Metabo... - 4 views
-
Numerous epidemiological publications have associated the chlorination of pools with dysfunctions of the respiratory system and with some other diseases
-
Therefore, the health effects from swimming in chlorinated pools and the corresponding stress reactions in organisms are unclear. In this study, we show that although the growth and behaviors of experimental rats were not affected, their health, training effects and metabolic profiles were significantly affected by a 12-week swimming training program in chlorinated water identical to that of public pools.
-
This may prove to be a concerning fact that myself and others on the swim team swim rather consistently.
-
-
The epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects from swimming in chlorinated water primarily originate from studies concerning respiratory function and asthma, althoughVillanueva et al. reported a significant increased risk of bladder cancer for swimmers compared with nonswimmers [5].
-
Kinda scary to think about the fact that swimming could be hurting my lungs.
-
OK... this is all a very rare and interesting topic to me. I've never considered it. Of course, in thinking a bout this as a HS research topic, the fact that it centers around humans... is a feasibility issue. However, what sort of invertebrate models could we use in place? Would we be able to detect DBPs?
-
- ...24 more annotations...
-
Interestingly, the eyes and skin are the organs that are more directly affected than the lungs by the irritants in chlorinated water; instead of chlorination, training intensity, training frequency and choking on water may be the primary factors for lung damage induced by swimming.
-
Therefore, the health effects from swimming in chlorinated pools and the corresponding stress reactions occurring in our bodies are unclear
-
he water for the EG was purified using a water purifier and then disinfected using calcium hypochlorite, similar to public swimming pools, whereas the water for the CG was only purified, not chlorinate
-
In fact, similar symptoms, red and swollen eyes, dried skin and nasal mucosal congestion, always appear after humans swim in a chlorinated pool; however, the long-term (12 weeks) and high-frequency (5 days a week) of the experimental swimming training caused even worse symptoms in these experimental rats.
-
however, some unusual appearance changes appeared in the EG rats.
-
-
First, the skin around their eyes became increasingly red with the development of the experiment, and in the ending period of the experiment, bloodstains could be observed in the rims of most rats’ eyes.
-
-
Third, their fur became increasingly dry and lackluster, and significant signs of hair loss were observed during the last month.
-
-
These results indicated that the fur, respiratory tracts and eyes of the EG rats were severely affected by chlorinated water, although their growth was essentially unaffected. According to our observations, the daily behaviors and sizes of the EG rats were normal, and their final body weights were even slightly heavier than those weights of the control group. Nevertheless, dried and lackluster fur, hair removal, bloody noses and eyes did occur in the EG rats and not to the CG rats.
-
A meta-analysis performed by Goodman et al. demonstrated that the association between asthma and swimming could only be confirmed among competitive swimmers and could not be confirmed among non-competitive swimmers
-
SO competitive swimmers are the ones with an association of asthma and pool water.
-
-
Additionally, an interesting phenomenon was observed by comparing the development of the bloody noses and bloody eyes. The bloody noses commonly appeared in the third and in the fourth week; however, approximately two weeks later, this symptom gradually disappeared. The significantly bloody eyes commonly appeared in the ending period of the experiment; however, this problem was becoming worse during the study, and no signs of improvement appeared. The bloody noses appeared first, suggesting that respiratory tracts may be more vulnerable to the irritants from the chlorinated water than eyes; the gradually disappearing symptom suggests that respiratory tracts may have some adaptability to chlorinated water possibly because of the protection from nasal mucous. In contrast, without the mucosal protection, the bloody eyes were becoming increasingly significant during the entire experiment, although this symptom appeared later than the bloody noses.
-
The duration period from the entry into water until the rats reached exhaustion was significantly shorter for the EG rats compared with the CG rats (29.74±11.50 vs. 39.15±9.85 minutes, p<0.05)
-
-
Three rats from the EG were found liver damage, indicating that the positive rate reached 18 percen
-
or instance, Tumasonis et al. reported that a significantly increased incidence of hepatic neoplastic nodules in female rats and a significantly increased incidence of hepatic adenofibrosis in both male and female rats were induced by the chronic ingestion of chloroform [15].
-
Representative hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E, 400×) of liver sections.
-
-
. We suppose that the primary differences between the competitive swimmers and non-competitive swimmers are training intensity and frequency, not the pool water.
-
-
The first three principal components (PCs) explain 57.3% of the total variance of the raw data and are sufficient to present the differences between the EG and the CG
-
In Fig. 3, we can see that the majority of the differences between the EG and the CG are explained by PC 1 and PC 3.
-
which suggests that the 12-week swimming training in chlorinated water induced a significant change in the metabolic profiles of the experimental group rats.
-
As an antioxidant, taurine can directly scavenge hypochlorous acid (HClO) and prevents changes in membrane permeability due to oxidative impairment
-
Hippurate is an inhibitor of glucose utilization in the muscle and in the kidneys, an inhibitor of glucose utilization in the kidneys and in the liver, a modulator of fatty acid metabolism, and a stimulator of ammoniagenesis
-
Chlorine is a necessary element for our bodies, and nontoxic.
-
-
In summary, the 12-week swimming training in chlorinated pool water did induce some disease symptoms, an impairment of training effects and a significant change in the metabolic profiles, although the growth and behaviors of the experimental animals were not affected
-
Thus, the eyes and skin might be the organs that require greater attention for permanent damage.
-
Symptoms found in the liver and lung sections indicate that the liver is most likely the most possible target organ of DBPs, and training intensity, training frequency and water choking may be the primary factors for lung damage induced by swimming, instead of chlorination. The result of the swimming capacity test showed that training effects were significant affected by chlorinated water through perturbing the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
-
A really cool article about how chlorine can affect the bodies of mice. (An article I will never be able to forget about due to it being similar to my situation.)
-
A really cool article about how chlorine can affect the bodies of mice. (An article I will never be able to forget about due to it being similar to my situation.)
16More
shared by katherine-medina on 12 Jul 23
- No Cached
Placebo-Controlled Clomipramine Trial for the Treatment of Feather Picking Disorder in ... - 0 views
jcore-reference.highwire.org/...261
birds plumage feathers clomipramime HSR2023 feather-plucking-treatment
shared by katherine-medina on 12 Jul 23
- No Cached
-
Three of the 11 birds improved, and side effects were rare
-
-
7 A Congo African grey parrot (Psittacus erythacus) was also treated for feather picking and self-mutilation with clomipramine (4 mg/kg PO q 12 hours), which resulted in an increase in appetite and paradoxical anxiety.28 The dose was ultimately increased (9.5 mg/kg PO q 12 hours), and buspirone (0.5 mg/kg PO q 24 hours) was eventually added. Feather regrowth occurred, and feather picking was adequately controlled 3 months after the final dosage adjustment.
-
Eight of 11 birds treated with clomipramine were considered improved by 6 weeks
-
- ...7 more annotations...
-
One bird that received clomipramine (case no. 11) was worse at 6 weeks, according to both the caregiver and the clinician
-
Clomipramine-treated birds had significantly greater improvement at 6 weeks than at 3 weeks (z= −1.897; P=0.029). Of the eight clomipramine-treated birds that were improved at 6 weeks, seven of them began to improve at 3 weeks.
-
I do find the results of this experiment interesting as far as the variability of the experiment. It does make me think that clomipramine does not work as well as one might think.
-
-
There was no significant correlation between duration of feather picking and reduction in time spent preening from baseline to 6 weeks for the clomipraminetreated birds (r=0.314; P=0.174
-
Approximately 64% of birds treated with clomipramine improved, but only 36% were judged to have substantial improvement.
-
However, the shortest duration of feather picking for birds in this study was 2 months (case no. 10), and this bird’s signs were the only ones to completely resolve during the trial.
-
Self-injurious behaviors in humans, including such varied conditions as trichotillomania, skin picking,
-
Maybe one of the reasons for the bird's self mutilation is due to some outside factor.
-
-
However, results of this trial suggest that clomipramine, at doses higher than those typically used in mammals, may be useful in the treatment regime for feather picking disease in some species of psittacine birds.
-
I wonder if there is any course of treatment that is similar to clomipramine, but has a higher solution rate.
-
-
An article showing that clomipramime can help birds with feather plucking problems. (the results were a little bit over 50% of birds responded to the treatment.)
21More
shared by katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
- No Cached
Effects of experimental increase in insulin-like growth factor 1 on feather growth rate... - 0 views
journals.biologists.com/...ental-increase-in-insulin-like
birds biology HSR2023 insulin plumage feathers molt
shared by katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
- No Cached
-
In mammals, IGF-1 also induces the proliferation of hair follicles and inhibits apoptosis, and therefore helps to keep them longer in the active (so-called anagen) phase and delay their transition to the regressive (catagen) phase
-
while a recently published study indicated a positive relationship between plumage quality, feather vane length and IGF-1 in a passerine species
-
Detailed quantification of the moulting stage was achieved by scoring the moult of the primary wing feathers and tail feathers on a scale of 0–5, using the standard protocol for recording the progress of feather growth as suggested by the British Trust for Ornithology and further described in
-
- ...10 more annotations...
-
As a result, 2 weeks after treatment, IGF-1-treated birds were in a more advanced stage of moult than controls
-
-
In the longer term, IGF-1 treatment altered the intensity of moult: 2 weeks after treatment, control birds were moulting fewer feathers than at the start of the experiment, while IGF-1-treated birds showed the opposite pattern and increased the number of feathers being moulted simultaneously, albeit with substantial individual variation
-
We manipulated IGF-1 levels using an injection of poly-(lactic-co-glycolid acid) (PLGA) microspheres prepared by S.V.-K. and B.A.G. as described previousl
-
For example, stressors may cause a decrease in circulating IGF-1 levels (Tóth et al., 2018), and it may not be beneficial if that would affect the growth rate or the size of the developing flight feathers.
-
The fact that the growth of the tail feathers was also unaffected by the manipulation is more surprising as they are sexually selected ornaments in this species
-
Wow, I wonder why it had no effect on the growth of the tail feathers.
-
-
espite the robust lack of effect on feather growth speed, IGF-1 treatment maintained or even increased the number of feathers moulted simultaneously within 2 weeks, while the number of simultaneously growing feathers dropped in controls within the same period
-
-
In contrast to hair, the number of feather follicles that produce wing and tail feathers is small and shows no variation within species
-
-
Some species, however, moult several wing and tail feathers simultaneously, which also applies to the bearded reedling
-
Why do some species of birds molt more feathers at the same time than others.
-
-
. Protein synthesis in tissues, for example, is partly promoted by and regulated through IGF-1 and this might also be of importance during the growth of feathers, in particular considering the increased demand for proteins during moulting
-
The interaction of corticosterone and IGF-1 has been suggested to predict fitness in growing songbirds (Lodjak et al., 2016). Corticosterone levels are known to have a seriously detrimental effect on growing feathers
-
29More
IJMS | Free Full-Text | The Combination of Catechin and Epicatechin Gallate f... - 1 views
-
efflux
-
efflux pumps
-
-
The advantage of the agents is that there is little or no direct selective pressure, and thus resistant strains are less likely to emerge
- ...17 more annotations...
-
Figure 1
-
I could do something similar to this in a Petree dish like the photo above.
-
-
Baicalin [8], diterpenes [9], tellimagrandin I [10], corilagin [11], tripeptide [12], epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) [13] and epicatechin gallat
-
The extracts and compounds from hawthorn have been reported to show a variety of pharmacological activities, such as a protective effect on patients with heart failure [17], as well as an increased force of myocardial contraction [18], improved coronary circulation [19], antioxidant effects [20] and antimicrobial activities [21].
-
For example, galloy catechins, such as ECg and Cg, reduced the high MIC level of β-lactams to the antibiotic breakpoint or even lower than the breakpoint [14,15,26,27], but non-galloylated catechins, such as C and EC, had no such effect
-
-
WHO-2 but ECg (32 mg/L) increased the drug accumulation
-
So, at this specific concentration ECg helped with increasing the amount of antibiotic, but not necessarily assisting the ability of the antibiotic to do damage.
-
-
C or ECg (32 mg/L) in combination with oxacillin produced FICIs of more than 0.5 or 0.5, demonstrating no or very weak ILSMR effect.
-
via inhibiting mRNA expression of efflux pump genes,
-
Some natural products can enhance the efficacy of β-lactam antibiotics, and therefore they are termed intensifiers of β-lactam susceptibility in MRSA
-
I would like to look into using antibiotics that are currently available to the public, and trying to enhance their ability to fight bacteria through the use of certain polyphenols or some other type of natural product.
-
-
In traditional Chinese medicine, hawthorn is used as a peptic agent for stimulating digestion and promoting the function of the stomach, improving blood circulation and removing blood stasis
-
We also found that when C combined with ECg, the ILSMR effect was markedly increased and the ILSMR effect of the combination (C and ECg) was enhanced with the increase in the concentration of C, with a higher concentration of C resulting in a lower FICI.
-
Overall, the different abilities of C and EGC to potentiate the ILSMR effect of ECg was presumed to be due to the difference in steric hindrance provided by the hydroxy groups in the B ring of these compounds.
-
Our results showed that C in combination with ECg could significantly reduce the MIC of these six antibiotics against almost all of the clinical MRSA strains
-
These results are significant since they demonstrate the possibility that these antibiotics can be used in the clinic when combined with C and ECg.
-
-
. Therefore, a criterion suitable for more than two compounds should be investigated in the future.
-
I think that this will be a useful article to go back to when looking towards developing further ideas for experiments.
-
-
he above results suggested the ILSMR effect of C and ECg was probably related to the inhibition of three pumps’ mRNA expressions. Which pump(s) played a more important role should be further investigated in the future experiments.
-
-
Herein, our results showed that reserpine down-regulated mRNA expressions of norA and norC, but not abcA, and C, in combination with ECg, down-regulated mRNA expressions of norA, norC and abcA among eight efflux pumps, while ECg or C alone could not.
-
Sh
-
An article discussing the affects of combining polyphenols with antibiotics in order to fight against MRSA.
4More
Sci-Hub | Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate fruit constituents against dr... - 0 views
-
-
The peel extracts exhibited greater antimycobacterial activity (MIC 64-1024 mg/mL) than the potable juice (MIC 256 -41024 mg/mL). Cool an early answer,
-
-
-
"exhibited estrogen-like activity" Why does it act like that, and that is crazy.
-
-
-
I think that the Hodge tests will be something important for me to look into as I go further and further down the road of polyphenolic study.
-
-
An interesting article that basically shows that pomegranate polyphenols can kill bacteria.
1More
shared by katherine-medina on 04 Jul 23
- No Cached
(1) Polyphenolic Secondary Metabolites Synergize the Activity of Commercial A... - 1 views
www.academia.edu/...roducing_Klebsiella_pneumoniae
polyphenol bacteria-killing enhancement HSR2023 methods
shared by katherine-medina on 04 Jul 23
- No Cached
33More
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Antioxidant Versus Pro-Apoptotic Effects of Mushroom-Enriched D... - 0 views
-
In addition, the gut microbiota has also been described to be modulated by mushroom bioactive molecules, with implications in reducing liver inflammation during NAFLD progression.
-
non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
-
-
Of note, indeed NAFLD patients present a “metabolic inflexibility”, that is, a reduced capacity to switch back from
-
- ...22 more annotations...
-
The increase in nutrient availability causes systemic metabolic alterations that lead to an increase in hepatic mitochondrial respiration as well as changes in the mitochondrial lipid membrane composition.
-
They are also rich in phenolic acids, such as hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid and carotenoids that are known for their antioxidant activity
-
They are high in polyphenols, just like I had thought, I do wonder if they have tried to single out a certain flavonoid or stilbene in order to determine whether or not it was the mechanism that caused the positive reaction.
-
-
NASH is currently the third most common indication for liver transplantation in the United States and accounts for 10% of all HCC cases in Europe
-
The increased levels of β-oxidation seem to result in an increase in citrate within the mitochondrial matrix that can be transported to the cytosol via the citrate-malate shuttle and converted to acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase [90,106]. Indeed, NAFLD patients present increased citrate levels in plasma
-
An alternative explanation for the deficient mitochondrial respiration might be the alterations in the mitochondria lipid composition, which are already present in steatosis.
-
As defined by mitohormesis, ROS production is physiological at low levels, acting as a crucial effector in proliferation, expression of antioxidant enzymes and insulin signalling. However, high levels of ROS formation causes oxidative stress and cell damage by reacting with its different components [90,114,115]. Oxidative stress occurs when the antioxidant capacity of the cell is not sufficient to neutralize the overproduction of ROS. ROS generation causes the peroxidation of phospholipids and cardiolipin at the mitochondrial membrane
-
All these mechanisms seem to be involved in the progression from NAFL to NASH. Indeed, NASH patients present increased ROS production, DNA damage, as measured by 8-Oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) levels, and hepatic lipid peroxidation coupled with decreased expression of ETC Com
-
So essentially NASH patients have a higher level of ROS which damages their DNA. increase of ROS = DNA damage
-
-
In parallel, the negative regulation on the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) mediated by the translocation of a series of IAP antagonists such as Smac, HTRA2/Omi and apoptosis-related protein in the TGF-ß signalling pathway (ARTS) to the cytosol, results in the release and activation of caspases
-
Aiming at weight loss, calorie-restricted diets and regular physical activity can improve hepatic mitochondria dysfunction by decreasing FFA liver input and alleviating oxidative stress.
-
To sum up, mitochondria play a central role in the pathophysiology and progression of NAFLD as well as in the development of HCC, which can be a late-stage consequence of NASH. Hepatic mitochondria undergo bioenergetic remodelling to face the metabolic burden imposed by the increased FFAs load secondary to systemic IR. In turn, a decompensation of these processes may result in ROS formation and mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing to the development of NASH. Lastly, hepatic mitochondria also seem to be involved in anti-apoptotic oncogenic processes driving HCC. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction is thus a promising approach for the treatment of the NAFLD continuum. The following section describes some of the in-vitro and in-vivo studies on the beneficial effects of mushroom-enriched diets or mushroom-derived compounds/extracts (Box 2) in preventing/reverting such liver damage.
-
showed lipid metabolism-modulating properties in the liver
-
This may lead to a decrease in lipogenesis and a concomitant increase in β-oxidation that could explain the reduction in IHTG content [203]. Similarly, the supplementation with a 1% aqueous extract of A. cinnamomea for 8 weeks reduced the expression of leptin and increased the expression of adiponectin, which was accompanied by an increase of AMPK and PGC-1α and a reduced expression of ACC, FAS and SREBP
-
IHTG content that was similar to the positive control group, treated with rosiglitazone, a PPAR-agonist antidiabetic drug
-
Interesting, I wonder if there is more that can be done with this extract with these types of effects.
-
-
herefore, these studies suggest a pivotal capacity of mushroom extracts to counteract the detrimental oxidative damage of mitochondria in NAFLD.
-
which seems to exacerbate NASH. H2O2 over-production may open the mPTP, while its transmembrane diffusion to the cytoplasm may even result in highly detrimental OH• formation. [93,131,132]. In contrast, the capacity of mushroom extracts from species such as Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. (oyster mushroom) or G. lucidum to elevate the entire antioxidant defence system of hepatocytes, seems a more promising therapeutic effect against the oxidative stress in NASH.
-
. Such evidence further supports the potential of G. lucidum extracts in reversing mitochondrial dysfunction in NAFLD.
-
In this line of research, novel therapies aim to target apoptosis via mitochondria, using molecules that mimic BH3 proteins and disrupt the interactions of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins.
-
Both aqueous and ethanol extracts, or isolated compounds (GL22 from Ganoderma leucocontextum T.H Li, W.Q. Deng, Dong M. Wang & H.P. Hu) increased the pro-apoptotic Bax to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2/Bcl-xL ratio
-
The antitumorigenic effects of mushroom extracts and isolated compounds have also been demonstrated in in-vivo xenograft models, resulting in tumour size reduction and increased animal survival rates (Table 2). Furthermore, in the HCC Huh7 xenograft mice model, fatty acid binding proteins
-
Therefore, the mechanisms by which mushroom extracts or isolated compounds induce mitochondrial-related apoptosis pathways are diverse and may be related with specific bioactive compounds. Modulation of pathways crucial for cell survival and alterations in lipid homeostasis seem to be related with the pro-apoptotic effects observed in HCC cell lines and in in-vivo xenograft models.
-
-
New therapies need to be developed to target NAFLD and NASH,
-
-
This distinct property of mushroom-based therapy or -containing diet is especially relevant in the multifactorial context of NAFLD and especially NASH, where systemic synergistic metabolic alterations need to be addressed.
-
An article detailing a bit of the effects that mushrooms can have on the liver's mitochondrial cells.
View AllMost Active Members
View AllTop 10 Tags
- 107HSR-2023
- 99HSR
- 84potential research idea
- 82biology
- 80science
- 46environmental
- 42botany
- 39questions
- 24engineering
- 21chemistry
- 18research
- 17physics
- 15statistical analysis
- 13computer science
- 12HSR2023
- 11SCI-I
- 9mathematics
- 8ISEF
- 8plants
- 8environment